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Name: _____________________________________ Biology, Spring 2011 Topic 10: Mitosis and Meiosis NCSCOS Objective 3.02 Chapter 8.2, 10.2 Key Terms: Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Genetic variation Nondisjunction Mitosis Cancer Meiosis Gamete Tetrad Haploid Diploid Crossing over Fertilization Homologous chromosomes Independent assortment Testing Your Knowledge: 1. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis Meiosis Asexual Sexual Occurs in which cells: Somatic cells (body cells) Number of divisions: 1 Gametes / sex cells (sperm, egg) 2 Chromosome number is maintained (diploid to diploid) 2 Chromosome number is halved (diploid to haploid) 4 Daughter cells Gametes (sperm, egg) Identical NOT identical Type of reproduction (asexual or sexual): How does chromosome number change? Number of resulting cells: Resulting cells called: New cells are: (identical or not identical) Name: _____________________________________ 2. Complete the chart to describe mitosis Name of stage What happens during this stage? Interphase Cell grows, respiration, DNA replication Prophase DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles and spindle fibers form Metaphase Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and chromosomes line up at center of cell Sketch of cell in stage Name: _____________________________________ Name of stage What happens during this stage? Anaphase Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers Telophase 2 nuclear membranes form Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides Sketch of cell in stage 3. What is cancer? Cancer happens when cells replicate out of control. 4. Describe the general process of meiosis. Meiosis is similar to mitosis. In meiosis there are two divisions and the resulting cells have one-half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. In meiosis crossing over or nondisjunction may occur resulting in genetic variation. Name: _____________________________________ 5. What is crossing over? Crossing over is when non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA. This allows for genetic variation. 6. Explain nondisjunction. Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly. Nondisjunction results in cells having an abnormal number of chromosomes (some cells have too many chromosomes, some cells are missing chromosomes). Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Triple-X Syndrome and Turner’s Syndrome are examples of genetic disorders caused by nondisjunction. 7. Explain the law of independent assortment. The law of independent assortment says that chromosomes will segregate and assort randomly during meiosis to produce genetically diverse gametes.