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Transcript
Aims • Lymphatic organs Immune system • Inflammation • Natural immune system • Adaptive immune system • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) • Disorders of the immune system 2 1 Immune system What is the immune system? Lymphoid organs The immune system is a complex of organs, cells, and circulating protein Immune cells Lymphoid organs thymus Immune proteins spleen Lymph node 3 Immune cells Eosinophil 4 Lymphocyte Leukocytes or White blood cells Neutrophil mucosa-associated lymphoid organ (MALT) B cells: antibody Lymphocyte T cells: phagocytosis Cytotoxic T cells Basophil Helper T cells Suppressor T cells NK cells Monocyte 5 6 Inflammation Immune proteins Body’s local response to infection or injury Antibodies 1. Injury or bacteria entry into tissue 2. Vasodilatation of the surrounding vessels Complements blood flow (hot and redness) 7 8 9 10 3. Filtration of protein and fluid into interstitial fluid (swelling) 4. Neutrophils and monocyte from capillaries into infected area 5. Destruction of bacteria in the tissue (pus) 6. Tissue repair Natural Natural immune immune system system Immune system • Natural Natural immune immune system system (nonspecific) (nonspecific) Innate defense mechanism Non specific to any antigen Adaptive Adaptive immune immune system system (specific) (specific) genetic Surface barrier and mucosal immunity - Humoral immunity • skin - Cell mediated immunity • coughing, sneezing, ciliary action: lung 11 • sticky mucous 12 phagocytes phagocytes • skin secretion: acid pH • neutrophil • saliva, tear, nasal secretion: lysozyme • stomach: hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzyme • macrophages: spleen Cells Cells of of natural natural immune immune are: are: • phagocytes • mast cells • natural killer cells (NK cells) • eosinophil monocytes medullary sinus of lymph node Liver: kuffer’s cell 13 Natural killer 14 Natural killer • Large granule lymphocyte • precise mechanism by which they recognized their target cells is not clear • Target cells: tumor cell or virus-infected body cells • kill on contact • can be stimulated by interferon 15 Eosinophil 16 Eosinophil • cell can release killing enzyme called peroxidase and • The least numerous of WBC in blood Phospholipase D • granule contain a protein rich in arginine residues called major basic protein • Important in killing helminth (worm) infections • Cell can secrete membrane penetrating protein • Involve in hypersensitive reaction called perforins 17 18 Complement Complement • A major trigger enzyme plasma system • Important in killing bacteria and fungi Phagocytosis Making pore in bacterial cell membrane Help to get rid of AgAg-Ab complex • Important in initiaion of the inflammatory response 19 Adaptive Adaptive immune immune system system How antigen meet T& B lymphocyte Humoral immunity Cell mediated immunity B lymphocytes and antibodies T lymphocytes • acquired immunity • Specific and memory 20 21 22 Adaptive Adaptive immune immune system system Pathogens Humoral immunity Humoral immunity Antibodies B cell B lymphocytes • produce from bone marrow and thymus Cellular immunity • can transform to plasma cell by antigens B cell T cell Plasma cell 23 Antibodies 24 Antibodies • There are 5 main classes: IgG, IgG, IgA, IgA, IgM, IgM, IgD, IgD, IgE • Immnunoglobulin • IgG • Y shape: heavy and light polypeptide chains Most abundant cross from mother to baby and protect baby for 22-3 months • IgA common in secretion eg saliva, gastric juice found in milk 25 26 27 28 • IgM primary immune response activate complement • IgD act as surface receptor on B cells • IgE bound to mast cells involve in pathogenesis of allergic and helminth disease Clonal selection Antibody diversity • human makes 10,000,000 different kinds of antibodies too much for genome to encode • Each antibody composed of identical light and identical heavy chains • Each B cell makes 1 kind of antibody • Clonal selection 29 30 Self Self and and non-self non-self Cell mediated immunity How immune system recognize body cell? T cell Originate in thymus of infants Produced in bone marrow of adults T cell function Do not secrete antibodies Some attack other cells (T cytotoxic; TC) Specific recognition molecules: Major Some produce lymphokines -- molecules that regulate other white blood cell responses histocompatibilty complex (MHC) 31 MHC (HLA) • Set of molecule making up tissue type • There are three types of MHC 32 - MHC I : present endogenously synthesized antigen - MHC II : present exogenously derived protein eg bacterial products - MHC III : complement 33 34 How immunity is not destroy themselves Thymus MHC mechanism T & B lymphocyte that react to body cells Will be destroyed 35 36 Disorders of the immune system Graft Rejection - Donor APC Recipient APC MHC on the graft cell differ from MHC of recipient. - Cytotoxic T cells are mainly responsible for Recipient T cell graft rejection. - Recipient T cell Immunosuppressive drug prevent graft rejection. 37 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Transfusion reaction - 38 - ABO is the most important for transfusion Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. reactions. - Integrated the virus RNA into Host DNA. - ABO blood group mismatch results in hemolysis. 39 40 Allergy - HIV enter and live in helper T cell. - infected T cells are destroyed by normal T cells, therefore T cell reduce in amount. - Immune defense of host can not function properly. - AIDS patient dies from infections or cancers. 41 42 Autoimmune disease - Immune attack the body’s own cells and tissues which results is being damage and/or alteration function of organs For examples Multiple sclerosis – myelin Myasthenia gravis – acetylcholine receptor on skeletal muscle Grave’s disease – Thyroid stimulating hormone 43 Autoantibody to receptor 45 receptor 44