Download 7. molecular genetics.

7. MOLECULAR GENETICS.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
What is DNA?
How does DNA duplicate itself?
How are proteins synthesised?
What is a genome?
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
What are the uses of biotechnology?
1. DNA, THE MOLECULE OF INHERITANCE
Genetic material is stored inside cells in the nucleus. In eukaryotic
cells, this material is condensed into chromosomes, which
consists of two chromatin strands. These strands are made up of
DNA and proteins.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
1. DNA, THE MOLECULE OF INHERITANCE
In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed THE DOUBLE HELIX MODEL of
the DNA molecule based upon the crucial X-ray diffraction image of
DNA ", from Rosalind Franklin in 1952, as well as base-pairing
chemical and biochemical information by Erwin Chargaff.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
1. DNA, THE MOLECULE OF INHERITANCE
BASIC COMPONENTS OF DNA:
A molecule is formed from thousands of smaller units called
nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of deoxyribose, a
nitrogenous base and phosphate.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
1. DNA, THE MOLECULE OF INHERITANCE
STRUCTURE OF DNA:
The two strands of
nucleotides are
connected because
the complementary
nitrogenous bases
are linked together
by hydrogen bonds
DNA is made up of two strands of nucleotides
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
The twisting tale of DNA - Judith Hauck
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
2. REPLICATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
Each time a somatic cell divides, two daughter cells are produced. Each
of these cells receives an identical copy of the parent cell´s genetic
information.
DNA duplicates itself in a process called replication.
The double helix of DNA opens
up and the two strands separate
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3. THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
A gene is a piece of DNA that contains the information necessary to
synthesise a protein. Proteins are formed from a chain of smaller
molecules called amino acids.
There are 20 different amino acids which make up all proteins. The
difference between one protein and another comes from the number
and order of the amino acids in the chain.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3. THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
PROTEINS HAVE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS THAT RELATE TO THE BODY´S
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PROCESSES (for
example enzymes).
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3. THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
Each piece of genetic information (GENE) initiates the synthesis of a
specific protein.
PROTEINS HAVE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS THAT RELATE TO THE BODY´S
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PROCESSES (for
example enzymes).
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3. THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION.
Each piece of genetic information (GENE) initiates the synthesis of a
specific protein.
PROTEINS HAVE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS THAT RELATE TO THE BODY´S
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PROCESSES (for
example enzymes OR HORMONES).
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
Ribosomes, which are found in the cytoplasm, carry out protein
synthesis. However, DNA cannot leave the nucleus because it is too big.
So the DNA copies its genetic message onto another molecule, RNA,
which can leave the nucleus and take the information to the cytoplasm.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
-DNA IS SO BIG AND CANNOT LEAVE THE NUCLEUS!
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
-ONLY THE RIBOSOMES CAN SYNTHETISE PROTEINS!
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
RNA is different from DNA. It consists of a single chain which has ribose
nucleotides instead of deoxyribose nucleotides. RNA is made of the
same nitrogenous bases as DNA with the exception of thymine replaced
by uracil.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.1 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
TRANSCRIPTION.
The transcription process consists of copying part of the genetic
message from its original format (DNA) to a different format (RNA) so
that it can be used to synthesize a specific protein.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
TRANSLATION.
The RNA is a single chain molecule. Because it is smaller than DNA, it
can leave the nucleus.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
TRANSLATION.
The ribosomes move along the mRNA chain and join amino acids
together in the approppiate order, according to their nitrogenous bases.
The mRNA is read by the ribosomes that translate it into a protein thank
to rRNA.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
3.2 THE GENETIC CODE.
The genetic code is the relationship between the sequence of
nitrogenous bases in DNA (or Mrna) and the sequence of aminoacids
that make up proteins.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
4. THE HUMAN GENOME.
A GENOME IS AN ORGANISM´S COMPLETE SET OF GENES.
To fully understand a species´ genome, the following steps
need to be carried out:
•Determining the complete sequence of nitrogenous bases of its DNA.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
4. THE HUMAN GENOME.
A GENOME IS AN ORGANISM´S COMPLETE SET OF GENES.
•Locating the position of all its genes on the chromosomes
•Understanding the relationship between its genes.
•Finding and identifying previously unknown genes
(text).
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
4. THE HUMAN GENOME.
The practical applications of mapping the human genome are very
important. They include:
The diagnosis and prevention of genetic diseases.
Gene therapy.
The design of more efficient and specific treatment of diseases.
New research into human genetics.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
How to sequence the human genome - Mark J. Kiel
Let’s Begin…
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
5. GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Genetic engineering consists of the techniques used to manipulate
genetic material in order to change an organism´s traits.
Genetic engineering allows scientists to eliminate genes, introduce
new genes into an organism, modify the information in a gene and
make copies of a gene.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
5. GENETIC ENGINEERING.
The stages of gene manipulation are:
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
5.1 USES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING.
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Human genes are inserted into animal cells to
research diseases such as cancer. There is now also the potential for the
development of effective treatments for genetic diseases.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
5.1 USES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING.
POLICE INVESTIGATIONS AND FORENSIC MEDICINE. Suspects and
victims of a crime can be identifies by their DNA.
PATERNITY TESTS.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
5.1 USES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING.
“IMPROVE LIVING THINGS”.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
6. BIOTECHNOLOGY.
Biotechnology is a type of technology which uses living organisms and
their biological processes to create improved products that are
beneficial to humans in some way.
6.1 Traditional biotechnology.
Traditional biotechnology techniques are based on the use of
microorganisms to obtain useful products.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
6. BIOTECHNOLOGY.
6.1 Modern biotechnology.
Modern biotechnology techniques are
based on advances in genetic engineering.
AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK USES.
Plants and animals are modified to increase
the efficiency of food production. This can
happen un 2 ways.
•CLONING. This consists of obtaining
genetically identical organisms. Animal
clones can be produced by dividing
embryonic cells or implanting a nucleus in a
ovum which has had its nucleus removed.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
6. BIOTECHNOLOGY.
•CREATING GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS. These plants or
animals have traits which the original plant or animal did not have
because they have been given genes from another organism.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
Biomedical uses.
Production of human substances using genetic engineering
techniques. Substances derived from these techniques include human
insulin, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, some hormones, enzymes and
the antibodies using in vaccines.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
Biomedical uses.
Gene therapy.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
Biomedical uses.
Use of genetically modified substances. In the future, different
genetically modified organisms could be used to create useful
substances, such as medicine or vaccines.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC COMPETENCES
Page 103.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO