Download Lab 8 - Meiosis and Gametogenesis

Lab 8: Meiosis and Gametogenesis
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
In both meiosis and mitosis, the original parent cell is a diploid
cell. Remember, this means the cell has two copies of each
chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear divisions
that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes
have significant differences. Fill out the following chart
comparing the two forms of nuclear division.
Mitosis
(begins with a
single cell)
Meiosis
(begins with a
single cell)
# chromosomes in
parent cells
# DNA
replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells
produced
# chromosomes in
daughters
Purpose
1. Does mitosis and/or meiosis happen in prokaryotes? Do mitosis and/or meiosis happen in
eukaryotes? Explain.
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Comparing mitosis and meiosis
Images accessed on 6/13/14 from http://cnx.org/content/m45461/latest/?collection=col11487/latest.
Images copyright CC-BY by OpenStax College.
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Part 1: Meiosis Bead Simulation
Materials
12 magnets (=centromeres)
≈48 beads of one color
≈48 beads of another color
Procedure
1. Set up half of the beads exactly as follows, representing genes on the chromosome of a hypothetical critter.
We will assume that the critter is diploid (2N) and has three different chromosomes. Because the critter
has two copies of each of the three chromosomes, the diploid number is 6 (2 x 3 = 6).
This is what your critter’s chromosomes look like in the unreplicated form. Note that there are six chromosomes here consisting
of three homologous pairs. Each chromosome pair consists of a maternal and paternal version of the chromosome. The
maternal and paternal versions are represented by the respective bead color.
2. Replicate your chromosomes! Make enough copies of each chromosome to represent both paternal and
maternal chromosomes in a replicated form, as shown below. Note that the sister chromatids are identical
in color. Be sure you can identify the sister chromatids, chromosomes, and the difference between a
replicated and non-replicated form.
3. Using your maternal and paternal sets of replicated chromosomes and this lab (or the text) as a reference,
practice the process of meiosis until you are very comfortable with it. Each person in the group should
practice the entire process. DO NOT PROCEED UNTIL YOU ARE COMFORTABLE WITH THIS!!
Don’t forget crossing over.
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Part 2: Independent Assortment
There are two possible ways pairs of homologs (also known as tetrads) can line up on the metaphase plate
during Metaphase I. This possible number of alignments equals 2n, where n is the number of chromosomes per
set. In humans, n=23, so there are 223 possible ways the homologous pairs can line up on the metaphase plate!
Procedure
1. Use the beads from the last simulation. This time, demonstrate the principle of independent assortment by
determining how many different gametes you can form with three homologous pairs.
2. Use the chromosomes to demonstrate ALL the different ways they can line up on the metaphase plate.
3. On a separate sheet of paper, DRAW A PICTURE OF EACH POSSIBLE way of lining up.
4. Then draw a picture of EACH POSSIBLE GAMETE formed when the chromosomes line up like that.
1. How many possible gametes can be formed following meiosis (excluding crossing over events)
from an original cell that contains a diploid number of six (2n=6)? [The number of possible
gametes = 2n where n is the number of chromosomes per set.]
2.How many possible gametes can be formed following meiosis (excluding crossing over events)
from an original cell that contains a diploid number of 46 (2n=46)?
3.How many possible gamete types can be generated through the process of crossing over alone?
4.Based upon the processes of independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization,
what important differences would you expect to see between a sexually reproducing population
of organisms and an asexually reproducing population of organisms?
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Part 3: Mammalian Gametogenesis
The formation of gametes, or gametogenesis, is the first stage in sexual reproduction. In single-celled
organisms, e.g., many Protista, the vegetative cell can simply act as a gamete. In more complex organisms
specialized regions within the organism take on the role of gametogenesis.
(1) Egg Production- meiosis occurs within the ovary; for example, in plants only one of the four products
of meiosis develops into an egg (the other three degenerate or serve some other function).
(2) Sperm Production- meiosis occurs within the testes; for example, in plants each original cell (called a
spermatocyte) that undergoes meiosis produces four viable sperm.
Procedure
1. Examine under low power (100 X) and draw a cross section of an ovary from a prepared slide. Make a
second drawing of a follicle under high power (400 X). Include one or more follicles in your drawing.
Each follicle contains an egg, known as an oocyte. LABEL the following: follicle and outer ovary wall.
2. Examine a prepared slide of testes cross section under high power. Note the numerous canals with sperm.
Draw a canal and LABEL the following: seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia, spermatocyte (cell that
undergoes meiosis) and sperm.
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