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Transcript
Chapter 8 - Learning I. Introduction __________________ - is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. - Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically-programmed, instinctive behaviors of animals. We learn by association; our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence. _____________________________________________ - learning to associate one stimulus with another (_______________________________________). _____________________________________________ - learning to associate a response with a consequence (_______________________________________). II. Classical Conditioning Russian physiologist _________________________ clarified classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists. - Pavlov observed dogs salivating at the mere sight of food & when it was placed in their mouth He believed that dogs could be trained, or conditioned, to salivate when exposed to an external stimulus 1 Chapter 8 - Learning _____________________ is the ______________ stage in classical conditioning in which an ____________________ between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place. - In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the ______________ stimulus (CS) needs to come _______________________ the unconditioned stimulus. When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to __________________ and eventually causes _____________________. - In other words, we ______________________________________________ between the two stimuli! After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) ________________________________________, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again. - In other words, we ______________________________________________ between the two stimuli again! ____________________________ - tendency to respond to __________________________________ to the CS. ____________________________ - ability to _______________________________________ a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. __________________________ showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning and not to others (light or sound). - Animals learn so that they can _______________ to their environment. Classical conditioning works best when it is similar to a ____________________________________ (we have an innate preparedness to associate certain stimuli). 2 Chapter 8 - Learning __________________________ “Baby Albert” Experiment _________------_________------- _________-----_________------- _______________________________, a colleague of Watson’s, ______________________________________________ (systematic desensitization) children from their fears by ______________________________________ a rabbit (and other things) closer to them while eating. III. Operant Conditioning Edward Thorndike’s __________________________ (trial & error) stated that _________________________________ is likely to occur again. ________________________ hypothesized that rats could be trained to perform specific behaviors in order to receive a food _________________. - He placed birds/rats into what is technically called an “________________________________” (“Skinner box”) in which the animal would press a bar to receive food. 3 Chapter 8 - Learning - Skinner “ _______________” the animal to get closer to the bar before giving it food. For example, if the animal approached the bar, he might initially give it a pellet of food for getting close to the bar. Eventually, the animal learned that it had to press the bar in order to get any food. - The food was a “______________________,” since it reinforced the animal’s behavior of stepping closer to and eventually pressing the bar. ___________________ - the operant conditioning procedure in which _________________________________ behavior towards the desired target behavior through ______________________________________________ (getting the animal closer and closer to the behavior that you want them to carry out). _______________________ - any event that ________________________ the behavior it follows. - ____________________________________ - a __________________reinforcing stimulus like food, drink, sleep or sex. - _____________________________________________- a _________________ reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through ___________________________ with the primary reinforcer (money, stickers, etc.). Often used in “token economy” therapies. 4 Chapter 8 - Learning - _______________________________________ - occurs_______________________ after a behavior (Dr. Hand thanked me “for coming to school”). - _____________________________________ - is ___________________in time for a certain behavior (Cobb County sends my paycheck at the end of the month). - ________________________________________- reinforces the desired response _______________________ it occurs. Acquisition is _____________, but extinguishes _________________. - ____________________________________________________________ - reinforces a response only __________________the time. This results in _______________ acquisition, but shows __________________________________ to extinction later on. ________________________ - an aversive event (unwanted consequence) that _______________________ the behavior it follows. - Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment, it can lead to negative effects. - Effective punishment needs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To be swift & consistently applied To be limited in duration & intensity To target the behavior not the character To lack mixed messages To be more negative than positive 5 Chapter 8 - Learning KEEP IN MIND… Evidence of cognitive processes during operant learning comes from rats during a maze exploration in which they navigate the maze without an obvious reward. - Tolman noted that rats seem to develop _____________________________, or mental representations, of the layout of the maze (environment). - Such cognitive maps are based on ______________________________, which becomes apparent when an incentive is given (although we constantly are leaning). - _________________________________________ - the desire to perform a behavior for its ____________________ (some people like to take certain classes because it interests them). - _________________________________________ - the desire to perform a behavior due to promised ___________________ or threats of __________________________ (some people like to take certain classes because of the “quality point” or that it may “look good” on transcripts). - ________________________________ - animals and people will tend to do less desirable things to get to do more desirable things (rewards are relative though). 6 Chapter 8 - Learning IV. Observational/Social Learning Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ____________________ and ______________________ others (__________________). In other words, we copy each other! - Learning by observation begins early in life. - ________________________________ “Bobo” doll study in 1961 indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments. - Research shows that viewing media violence can lead to an increased expression of aggression. - His research demonstrated ___________________________ and _________________________ modeling of behavior. 7