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Chapter 8 - Learning
I. Introduction
__________________ - is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically-programmed, instinctive behaviors of animals.
We learn by association; our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence.
_____________________________________________
- learning to associate one stimulus with another
(_______________________________________).
_____________________________________________
- learning to associate a response with a consequence
(_______________________________________).
II. Classical Conditioning
Russian physiologist _________________________ clarified classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later
behaviorists.
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Pavlov observed dogs salivating at the mere sight of food & when it was placed in their mouth
He believed that dogs could be trained, or conditioned, to salivate when exposed to an external stimulus
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Chapter 8 - Learning
_____________________ is the ______________ stage in classical conditioning in which an ____________________
between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.
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In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the ______________
stimulus (CS) needs to come _______________________ the
unconditioned stimulus.
When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to __________________ and eventually causes
_____________________.
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In other words, we ______________________________________________ between the two stimuli!
After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) ________________________________________, but if the CS (tone)
persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
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In other words, we ______________________________________________ between the two stimuli again!
____________________________ - tendency to respond to __________________________________ to the CS.
____________________________ - ability to _______________________________________ a conditioned stimulus
and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
__________________________ showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet
result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning and not to others (light or sound).
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Animals learn so that they can _______________ to their environment. Classical conditioning works best
when it is similar to a ____________________________________ (we have an innate preparedness to
associate certain stimuli).
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Chapter 8 - Learning
__________________________ “Baby Albert” Experiment
_________------_________-------
_________-----_________-------
_______________________________, a colleague of Watson’s, ______________________________________________
(systematic desensitization) children from their fears by ______________________________________ a rabbit (and
other things) closer to them while eating.
III. Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike’s __________________________ (trial & error) stated that _________________________________
is likely to occur again.
________________________ hypothesized that rats could be trained to perform specific behaviors in order to receive a
food _________________.
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He placed birds/rats into what is technically called an “________________________________” (“Skinner
box”) in which the animal would press a bar to receive food.
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Chapter 8 - Learning
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Skinner “ _______________” the animal to get closer to the bar before giving it food. For example, if the
animal approached the bar, he might initially give it a pellet of food for getting close to the bar. Eventually,
the animal learned that it had to press the bar in order to get any food.
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The food was a “______________________,” since it reinforced the animal’s behavior of stepping closer to
and eventually pressing the bar.
___________________ - the operant conditioning procedure in which _________________________________
behavior towards the desired target behavior through ______________________________________________
(getting the animal closer and closer to the behavior that you want them to carry out).
_______________________ - any event that ________________________ the behavior it follows.
- ____________________________________ - a
__________________reinforcing stimulus like food, drink,
sleep or sex.
- _____________________________________________- a
_________________ reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power
through ___________________________ with the primary
reinforcer (money, stickers, etc.). Often used in “token
economy” therapies.
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Chapter 8 - Learning
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_______________________________________ - occurs_______________________ after a behavior
(Dr. Hand thanked me “for coming to school”).
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_____________________________________ - is ___________________in time for a certain behavior
(Cobb County sends my paycheck at the end of the month).
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________________________________________- reinforces the desired response
_______________________ it occurs. Acquisition is _____________, but extinguishes _________________.
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____________________________________________________________ - reinforces a response only
__________________the time. This results in _______________ acquisition, but shows
__________________________________ to extinction later on.
________________________ - an aversive event (unwanted consequence) that _______________________ the
behavior it follows.
- Although there may be some justification for
occasional punishment, it can lead to negative
effects.
- Effective punishment needs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To be swift & consistently applied
To be limited in duration & intensity
To target the behavior not the character
To lack mixed messages
To be more negative than positive
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Chapter 8 - Learning
KEEP IN MIND…
Evidence of cognitive processes during operant learning comes from rats during a maze exploration in which they
navigate the maze without an obvious reward.
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Tolman noted that rats seem to develop _____________________________, or mental representations, of
the layout of the maze (environment).
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Such cognitive maps are based on ______________________________, which becomes apparent when an
incentive is given (although we constantly are leaning).
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_________________________________________ - the desire to perform a behavior for its
____________________ (some people like to take certain classes because it interests them).
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_________________________________________ - the desire to perform a behavior due to promised
___________________ or threats of __________________________ (some people like to take certain
classes because of the “quality point” or that it may “look good” on transcripts).
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________________________________ - animals and people will tend to do less desirable things to get to do
more desirable things (rewards are relative though).
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Chapter 8 - Learning
IV. Observational/Social Learning
Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ____________________ and ______________________ others
(__________________). In other words, we copy each other!
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Learning by observation begins early in life.
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________________________________ “Bobo” doll study in 1961 indicated that individuals (children) learn
through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.
- Research shows that viewing media violence can lead to an increased expression of aggression.
- His research demonstrated ___________________________ and _________________________
modeling of behavior.
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