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Endotoxin - free Growth Factors Using animal-derived growth factors in stem cell research is a risk Research grade growth factors for stem cell research are generally produced in either E. coli bacterial cells or animal cells. Growth factors produced in animal cells inevitably contain traces of animal components that can seriously affect stem cell cultures. They may contain viruses or traces of growth factors or other proteins originating from the production cells. Growth factors produced in E. coli inevitably contain traces of endotoxin, which can negatively influence the behaviour of stem cells in culture (http://www.orfgenetics.com/ISOkine/). The ISOkine growth factors from ORF Genetics are both endotoxin-free and animalfree, as they are produced in plants. Using ISOkine growth factors helps researchers to reach their goals of establishing the most optimal stem cell culture systems that are void of endotoxin, viruses or any other animal derived components. Ensuring virological safety of biological drugs is challenging and many examples are known of contamination accidents in drug manufacturing systems in the past. Examples of viral contamination in biological drugs Contamination References Avian Retroviruses in licensed Yellow Fever Vaccines from chicken embryos Journal of Virology. 2003. 77(2), p. 1105–1111. SV40 virus in poliovirus vaccine International Journal of Cancer. 2007. 120(2), p. 215-23. Vesivirus 2117 in a bioreactor producing imiglucerase at Genzyme‘s manufacturing facility Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases. 2010. 44(1), p. 41-47 In all these cases the safety requirements for production were extremely high, as the molecules being produced are biological drugs and vaccines for human injection. Production of recombinant growth factors for stem cell research is however not subject to stringent regulatory requirements as injectable pharmaceuticals are. For this reason, many stem cell researchers choose not to use animal-derived growth factors. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines are commonly used as productions systems for growth factors. Several viruses infectious to human and/or mouse cells can replicate in CHO cell lines, such as Cache Valley Virus (CVV), Reovirus Sindbis, Encephalomyocarditis Virus and Mouse Minute Virus (MMV) (Biotechnol Bioeng, 2010. 106(4), p. 598-607). Such viruses may influence cell behaviour in culture. Another risk factor with animal produced growth factor is introducing growth factors from the original animal cell into the culture. The fact that CHO cells produce a spectrum of their own growth factors is well documented (Journal of Proteome Research. 2013. 12(7), p. 3496-3510) Information on regional distributors: http://www.orfgenetics.com/ISOkine/Distributors/