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Transcript
Study Guide of the LABORATORY Midterm 1) Read over all of your old labs. Make sure you understand what we did for each experiment and what was biologically important about each experiment. 2) Also, make sure you know the parts of a microscope. Make sure you know when you can and cannot use fine/course adjustment. 3) Make sure you know which types of evidence we used for examining our Mt. SAC Millie murder investigation. 4) Be sure you know what type of tests we use to test for starch, glucose, protein, fat and salt. 5) Why does a boiled potato result in less bubbles than a potato that is chopped up? 6) Which has more calories, a sunflower or a marshmallow (and why)? 7) What do the terms hypertonic, hyposomotic and isosomotic mean? 8) Which type of cells have nucleus? A cell wall? 9) What is dynamic equilibrium? What types (and sizes) of molecules can diffuse through dialysis tubing? 10) What has a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, a mouse or an elephant? 11) What is the difference between and ectotherm and an endotherm? Which animals are ectotherms/endotherms (Mouse, Frog, Goldfish). 12) What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration? 13) What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis? Study Guide for the LECTURE Midterm for Biology 1 Be sure you understand the following words and concepts for Exam#1. This study guide is meant to assist you in preparing for the exam. It is by no means a list of everything you should know; you should know everything! Make sure you know these words as possible “Fill-ins”: Theory Hypothesis Scientific Method Biology Matter Mass Atoms Nucleus (of an atom) Protons Electrons Neutrons Energy Level (or Energy Shell) Isotopes Ions Molecules Covalent Bond (Polar vs. Nonpolar) Ionic Bond Hydrogen Bond Water Specific Heat Surface Tension Density of Water when Frozen Acid and Base H+ and OH pH scale Acid Rain Macromolecules (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (be able to distinguish from drawings) Lipids (Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids) Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides) Proteins (Amino Acid, Polypeptide, Levels of Structure, Denatured Protein) Nucleic Acids (DNA vs. RNA) The Cell (Understand the individual functions and be able to recognize Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Ribosomes, Rough and Smooth ER, Nucleus) Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, Prions. HIV, Tuberculosis, Plague, Polio, Hepatitis A, B and C, Shigellosis, E. Coli). Phospholipid Bilayer Proteins and Carbohydrates on the Cell Membrane Concentration Gradient Terms (Hyperosomotic, Hyposomotic, Isosomotic) Passive Transport (Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion) Active Transport Sodium-Potassium Pump Endocytosis (Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis) Exocytosis Energy Exergonic Reactions Endergonic Reactions The Roll of Enzymes Activation Energy ADP ATP 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics Cellular Respiration Glycolysis NAD+, NADH, glucose, Pyruvate, ATP In between CO2, Acetyl-CoA Krebs NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2, carbon dioxide, ATP Electron Transport Chain Oxygen, Water, NADH, ATP synthase Photosynthesis Light Reactions Water, Oxygen, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, NADPH, ATP Dark Reactions NADPH, G3P, Carbon Dioxide, ATP, C3 and CAM Plants Nucleotides Phosphate, Sugar, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Alanine, Purines, Pyrimidines Hershey and Chase, 1952 Watson and Crick, 1953, Linus Pauling, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin DNA Replication DNA Polymerase DNA ligase Gene Mutation Transcription RNA Polymerase, Structure of RNA, mRNA Translation Ribosome (P site and A site) Codon tRNA (anticodon) Amino Acid Polypeptide Chain Cell Replication Interphase (G1, S, G2) Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Other Terms to Know: Chromosomes Diploid Cells/Haploid Cells Centromere Homologous Chromosomes Sister Chromatids Microtubules (Spindle Fibers) Centrioles Meiosis Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Cytokinesis Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Other Terms to Know: Tetrad Crossing-Over Daughter Cells Possible Essay Questions: (You will probably get at least one or two of these types of questions). These will be worth about 10% of the grade! 1) Draw a carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Atom. Include the proper number and placement of protons, electrons, and neutrons. 2) Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, and protein) 3) Compare and contrast ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds 4) What are the functions of the mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, golgi complex, smooth ER, rough ER, nucleus in a cell. Which of those listed above can be found in eukaryotic animal cells, eukaryotic plant cells, and prokaryotic cells. 5) What are the differences between a eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, virus and prion. Name a disease that each one is related to. 6) Draw a cell membrane. Be sure to clearly label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer. Also include and label a glycoprotein. 7) What causes influenza, AIDS, Plague, Tuberculosis, Polio and Mad Cow Disease? 8) Name the inputs and outputs of Cellular Respiration? What is the main Goal of Cellular Respiration? 9) Name the inputs and outputs of Photosynthesis? What is the main Goal of Photosynthesis? 10) Describe the steps of mitosis. What is the end result of mitosis? (What happens and what are you left with) 11) Describe the steps of meiosis. What is the end result of meiosis? (What happens and what are you left with) 12) Describe how a protein is made. Start with the steps of transcription and finish with the steps of translation. What happens if a nucleotide in the DNA changed (how can that effect the overall structure of a protein being made). Also, make SURE you can answer or recognize the following: 1) Make sure you can recognize the following atoms and how many bonds they will form (from a picture or a description of how many protons/electrons there are): Nitrogen, Sulfur, Glucose, Oxygen, Cholesterol, and Carbon. 2) Make sure you know what the following functional groups look like: Carboxyl group, Amino Group, Hydroxyl Group. 3) Make sure know the differences between DNA and RNA 4) If I tell you a gene is 20% Thymine, make sure you know how much of the gene is Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine 5) Make sure you know what the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are. Make sure you can recognize them by name AND by picture. 6) Make sure you know what DNA polymerase does and what DNA ligase does. 7) Make sure you know what the main goals of cellular respiration and photosynthesis are. 8) Make sure you know what xylem and phloem are used for.