Download Study Guide for Midterm

Study Guide of the LABORATORY Midterm
1) Read over all of your old labs. Make sure you understand what we did for
each experiment and what was biologically important about each experiment.
2) Also, make sure you know the parts of a microscope. Make sure you know
when you can and cannot use fine/course adjustment.
3) Make sure you know which types of evidence we used for examining our Mt.
SAC Millie murder investigation.
4) Be sure you know what type of tests we use to test for starch, glucose, protein,
fat and salt.
5) Why does a boiled potato result in less bubbles than a potato that is chopped
up?
6) Which has more calories, a sunflower or a marshmallow (and why)?
7) What do the terms hypertonic, hyposomotic and isosomotic mean?
8) Which type of cells have nucleus? A cell wall?
9) What is dynamic equilibrium? What types (and sizes) of molecules can diffuse
through dialysis tubing?
10) What has a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, a mouse or an elephant?
11) What is the difference between and ectotherm and an endotherm? Which
animals are ectotherms/endotherms (Mouse, Frog, Goldfish).
12) What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?
13) What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?
Study Guide for the LECTURE Midterm for Biology 1
Be sure you understand the following words and concepts for Exam#1. This
study guide is meant to assist you in preparing for the exam. It is by no means a
list of everything you should know; you should know everything!
Make sure you know these words as possible “Fill-ins”:
Theory
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
Biology
Matter
Mass
Atoms
Nucleus (of an atom)
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
Energy Level (or Energy Shell)
Isotopes
Ions
Molecules
Covalent Bond (Polar vs. Nonpolar)
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Water
Specific Heat
Surface Tension
Density of Water when Frozen
Acid and Base
H+ and OH
pH scale
Acid Rain
Macromolecules (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids (be able to
distinguish from drawings)
Lipids (Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids)
Carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides)
Proteins (Amino Acid, Polypeptide, Levels of Structure, Denatured Protein)
Nucleic Acids (DNA vs. RNA)
The Cell (Understand the individual functions and be able to recognize
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Ribosomes, Rough and Smooth ER, Nucleus)
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses, Prions.
HIV, Tuberculosis, Plague, Polio, Hepatitis A, B and C, Shigellosis, E. Coli).
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins and Carbohydrates on the Cell Membrane
Concentration Gradient Terms (Hyperosomotic, Hyposomotic, Isosomotic)
Passive Transport (Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion)
Active Transport
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Endocytosis (Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis)
Exocytosis
Energy
Exergonic Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
The Roll of Enzymes
Activation Energy
ADP
ATP
1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
NAD+, NADH, glucose, Pyruvate, ATP
In between CO2, Acetyl-CoA
Krebs
NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2, carbon dioxide, ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen, Water, NADH, ATP synthase
Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Water, Oxygen, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, NADPH, ATP
Dark Reactions
NADPH, G3P, Carbon Dioxide, ATP, C3 and CAM Plants
Nucleotides
Phosphate, Sugar, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Alanine, Purines, Pyrimidines
Hershey and Chase, 1952
Watson and Crick, 1953, Linus Pauling, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin
DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase
DNA ligase
Gene
Mutation
Transcription
RNA Polymerase, Structure of RNA, mRNA
Translation
Ribosome (P site and A site)
Codon
tRNA (anticodon)
Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain
Cell Replication
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Other Terms to Know:
Chromosomes
Diploid Cells/Haploid Cells
Centromere
Homologous Chromosomes
Sister Chromatids
Microtubules (Spindle Fibers)
Centrioles
Meiosis
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Other Terms to Know:
Tetrad
Crossing-Over
Daughter Cells
Possible Essay Questions:
(You will probably get at least one or two of these types of questions).
These will be worth about 10% of the grade!
1) Draw a carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Atom. Include the proper
number and placement of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
2) Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid,
and protein)
3) Compare and contrast ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
4) What are the functions of the mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, cell
membrane, cell wall, golgi complex, smooth ER, rough ER, nucleus in a cell.
Which of those listed above can be found in eukaryotic animal cells, eukaryotic
plant cells, and prokaryotic cells.
5) What are the differences between a eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, virus and
prion. Name a disease that each one is related to.
6) Draw a cell membrane. Be sure to clearly label the hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer. Also include and label a
glycoprotein.
7) What causes influenza, AIDS, Plague, Tuberculosis, Polio and Mad Cow
Disease?
8) Name the inputs and outputs of Cellular Respiration? What is the main Goal of
Cellular Respiration?
9) Name the inputs and outputs of Photosynthesis? What is the main Goal of
Photosynthesis?
10) Describe the steps of mitosis. What is the end result of mitosis? (What
happens and what are you left with)
11) Describe the steps of meiosis. What is the end result of meiosis? (What
happens and what are you left with)
12) Describe how a protein is made. Start with the steps of transcription and
finish with the steps of translation. What happens if a nucleotide in the DNA
changed (how can that effect the overall structure of a protein being made).
Also, make SURE you can answer or recognize the following:
1) Make sure you can recognize the following atoms and how many bonds they
will form (from a picture or a description of how many protons/electrons there
are): Nitrogen, Sulfur, Glucose, Oxygen, Cholesterol, and Carbon.
2) Make sure you know what the following functional groups look like: Carboxyl
group, Amino Group, Hydroxyl Group.
3) Make sure know the differences between DNA and RNA
4) If I tell you a gene is 20% Thymine, make sure you know how much of the
gene is Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine
5) Make sure you know what the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins are. Make sure you can recognize them by name AND by picture.
6) Make sure you know what DNA polymerase does and what DNA ligase does.
7) Make sure you know what the main goals of cellular respiration and
photosynthesis are.
8) Make sure you know what xylem and phloem are used for.