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BIO 101 – Exam #3 Study Guide 1) Nucleotides – sugar-based basic units of DNA; make up spine of DNA’s double helix a. Sugar – deoxyribose b. 1 of 4 Nitrogenous bases i. Purines 1. Adenine 2. Guanine ii. Pyrimidines 1. Thymine 2. Cytosine c. Phosphate – PO4 2) Chromosome replication – done through DNA a. Synthesis occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction b. Leading strand – straight forward / continuous strand c. Lagging strand – made by DNA polymerase and has to pair up new DNA nucleotides in pieces, called Okazaki fragments, with DNA ligase linking the pieces together 3) Transcription & Translation a. Transcription – making mRNA off a DNA template b. Translation – translating RNA into protein i. Initiation – ribosome goes to hook up with mRNA 1. AUG = start codon (Met) ii. Elongation – adding of amino acids iii. Termination – stopping proteins 1. 1 of 3 stop codons 4) Hydrogen bonds - form between complementary base pairs and hold the double helix together a. 2 hydrogen bonds in Adenine & Thymine b. 3 hydrogen bonds in Guanine & Cytosine 5) Purines & Pyrimidines a. Purines i. Adenine ii. Guanine b. Pyrimidines i. Thymine ii. Cytosine iii. Uracil 6) Amino acids a. 20 of them 7) R Group – what makes each amino acid unique 8) Mutations & Mutagens a. Mutations – change in genes b. Mutagens – thing that causes mutations i. UV light ii. Sun light iii. Radiation iv. Chemicals v. Radon gas 9) Sequence of nitrogenous bases make up a gene 10) Codons – 3-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal 1 BIO 101 – Exam #3 Study Guide a. Sense codon – all proteins start with AUG b. Stop codon – all proteins end with UAA, UAG, or UGA 11) mRNA / rRNA / tRNA a. mRNA – transcribed from a DNA template in order to create proteins b. rRNA – protein production in ribosome c. tRNA – used to bridge mRNA with one of 20 amino acids in proteins 12) Anticodon – unit made of 3 nucleotides that corresponds to 3 bases of an mRNA’s codon 13) Peptide bonds & dehydration synthesis a. peptide bonds – bond formed when 2 amino acids group together i. polypeptide bond – when 3 or more amino acids group together b. dehydration synthesis – making peptide bonds through loss of water 14) Complimentary base pairing – pairing DNA with sense codon (mRNA) for translation (tRNA) 15) Sense (template) strand & antisense strand of DNA a. Sense strand – strand used to make RNA b. Antisense strand – strand not used to make RNA 16) DNA – double strand (double helix), thymine, deoxyribose 17) RNA – single strand, uracil, ribose 18) Polypeptides & proteins assembled in cytoplasm 19) DNA is in nucleus 20) tRNA = ~80 nucleotides 21) tRNA/mRNA/rRNA = transcribed from nucleus 22) DNA structure resembles a twisted ladder a. Rungs of ladder = nitrogenous bases b. Backbone of ladder = linked sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate group 2