Download File - Biology with​Mrs. Ellsworth

Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Review_Unit 2 Biochemistry
Basic Chemistry
1. What is an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller particles.
2. What are atoms?
The smallest part of an element that still maintains all the characteristics of that element.
The basic building blocks of all matter.
3. What 3 sub-particles make up an atom?
Neutron
Proton
Electron
4. Where is a neutron found in an atom?
In the nucleus
5. What is the charge of a neutron?
It does not have a charge
6. Where is a proton found in an atom?
In the nucleus
7. What is the charge of a proton?
It is positively charged
8. Where is an electron found in an atom?
Orbiting the nucleus
9. What is the charge of an electron?
It is negatively charged
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
10. The region around a nucleus that electrons travel in is called an:
Energy Level
11. T or F
Atoms like to have their outer most energy levels FULL.
12. Fill in the total possible # of electrons for each energy level:
Energy Level
# of Electrons
1
2
2
8
3
18
13. What are Isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
14. Isotopes are referred to in terms of the combined total of:
Protons and Neutrons
15. Define chemical compound:
A substance that is composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined
16. T or F
Chemical compounds have new emergent properties not found in the
individual elements.
17. List 2 common types of chemical bonds? What happens to the electrons in each
chemical bond type?
Covalent Bonds (The atoms share electrons)
Ionic Bonds (The bond between atoms is formed by gaining or losing electrons)
18. Define Molecule:
Atoms that are held together by covalent bonds and have no overall charge
19. Define Ion:
Charged products of a chemical reaction that results from an ionic bond
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more
electrons
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
20. T or F
Chemical reactions occur when bonds between compounds are broken or
formed
21. T or F
Atoms are never created or destroyed
22. T or F
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in the organism.
23. Define Solution:
A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance
A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
24. Give an example of a solution:
Salt Water
25. The pH scale goes from what number to what number?
0 to 14
26. Which pH level is neutral?
7
27. Which range are acids found?
Between 0 and 7
28. Which range are basis found?
Between 7 and 14
29. Define Acid:
Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water
H+
30. Define Base
Any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water
OH -
31. Sketch an ATP Molecule
32. T or F
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Biomolecules
33. What is a monomer?
A molecule (or compound) that consists of a single unit and can join with others in
forming a larger molecule
34. T or F
things
Organic molecules refer to the carbon based molecules found in all living
35. T or F
Inorganic molecules refer to non-carbon molecules found in nonliving things
36. List the 4 major classes of organic molecules that living things are primarily made of:
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
37. List the name of the monomer for each biomolecule and sketch the structure of the
monomer.
Biomolecule
Monomer
Basic Structure
Carbohydrate
monosaccharide
Lipid
Glycerol Head
and Fatty Acid
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
A single sugar molecule
Glycerol
Head
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
38. Write out the name for each element symbol below:
Element
Element Name
Symbol
C
Carbon
H
Hydrogen
O
Oxygen
N
Nitrogen
P
Phosphate
Carbohydrates
39. What are the elements found in carbohydrates? In what ratio do they occur?
CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio
40. Name two categories of simple carbohydrates. Give examples of each:
1. monosaccharides Example: Glucose Molecule
2. disaccharides Example: Sucrose Molecule made up of one glucose molecule and one
fructose molecule
41. Name the category for complex carbohydrates. Give 3 examples of complex
carbohydrates and the use of each.
polysaccharide
Polysaccharide Examples:
Starch is produced by most green plants as an energy store.
Cellulose is composed of glucose monomers and is the main constituent of the cell
walls of plants.
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in the liver and
muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells.
Glycogen is sometimes referred to as "animal starch."
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
42. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called?
monosaccharides
43. Do carbohydrates have polymers?
Yes
44. If yes, what is the polymer of carboydrates called?
polysaccharides
45. What main function do carbohydrates provide for living organisms?
provides a quick energy source for living organisms
Provides structure for plants
46. List 3 common carbohydrates:
1. sugar
2. potatoes
3. bread
47. T or F
Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides
Lipids
48. What main elements arebfound in lipids?
CHO very few Oxygen
49. Name two categories of fats. Give examples of each:
1. saturated
butter shortening
2. unsaturated
olive oil
vegetable oil
50. What does it mean to be a saturated fat?
Carbon forms a single bond with other elements in the fatty acid chain.
51. What does it mean to be an unsaturated fat?
Carbon forms double bonds in the fatty acid chain
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
52. Sketch a saturated fat molecule and an unsaturated fat molecule:
53. What is the monomer for lipids called?
Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Chain
54. Do lipids have polymers?
No
55. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a lipid?
Lipids do not have polymer.
56. What main function do lipids provide for living organisms?
Lipids provide long-term storage of energy
Lipids are steroids such as cholesterol
Lipids help protect against drying out.
Lipids help insulating against cold.
Lipid help absorb shocks.
Lipids regulate cell activities by hormone actions.
Cell membranes are composed of lipids
Organelle membranes are composed of lipids
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
57. What is this a picture of?_______Cell or Organelle Membrane________
Proteins
58. What are the elements found in Proteins?
CHON
59. What is the monomer for proteins called?
amino acid
60. How many types of amino acids are there?
20
61. Do proteins have polymers?
Yes
62. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a protein?
protein, polypeptide chain
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
63. What main functions do proteins provide for living organisms (list at least 5
functions)?
1. Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in organisms
2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and
thentransport carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to the lungs.
3. Collagen is the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding
gelatin when boiled.
4. Keratin – is a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers,
hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
5. Insulin - helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or
too low (hypoglycemia)
6. Histones - are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around
which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation.
7. Antibodies are also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), are large, Y-shaped proteins
produced mainly by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and
neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
8. Forms bone, muscles, cell markers….
64. T or F
Proteins are very divers in function and shape
65. T or F
Proteins have 4 categories of shapes/structures based on complexity
(primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures)
66. T or F
Proteins break down into amino acids
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Nucleic Acids
67. What are the elements found in Nucleic Acids?
CHONP
68. What is the monomer for Nucleic Acids called?
Nucleotide
69. Sketch the structure of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts (Nitrogen Base, Phosphate
Group & Sugar)
70. Do nucleic acids have polymers?
Yes
71. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a nucleic acid?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
or
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
72. What main functions do nucleic acids provide for living organisms?
Stores instructions for designing life and making proteins,
Stores hereditary information to be passed on to future generations
Directs all cell activities
73. T or F
Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides.
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Enzymes
74. What biomolecules are enzymes made up of?
Proteins
75. What is the main function of enzymes?
To speed up chemical reactions that keep organisms alive
76. T or F
All living things require enzymes to stay alive.
77. T or F
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
78. T or F
Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction
79. T or F
each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job
80. T or F
enzymes are named for the reaction they help
81. T or F
Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
82. T or F
re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules
83. T or F
very little enzyme is needed to help in many reactions
84. T or F
Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur
85. T or F
After the reaction is complete, the substrate has formed a new product or
products and the enzyme is released to be reused.
86. T or F The shape of the active site (the “lock”) determines which substrate (which
“key”) will “fit” into the enzyme.
87. T or F
Enzymes function in a narrow temperature range.
88. T or F
Enzymes function in a narrow pH range.
89. T or F An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its
activity.
90. T or F The binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme can stop a substrate from entering
the enzyme's active site and/or hinder the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction.
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
91. Define Enzyme:
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions
92. Define Substrate:
Molecule that enzymes work on; the reactant of the chemical reaction
93. Define Enzyme-substrate complex:
Enzyme & molecule temporarily joined
94. Define Active site:
Part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into like a lock and key. The active site acts as
the lock and the substrate/reactant acts as the key.
95. List 4 FACTORS that can affect an ENZYME’S FUNCTION?
1. Concentration of Substrate
2. Concentration of Enzymes
3. Temperature
4. pH (acids & bases)
5. Enzyme Shape
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Water
96. Write the chemical compound for water:
H2O
97. Draw a picture of a water molecule and label the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. Also,
indicate which part is slightly positive and which is slightly negative.
98. T or F H2O is a NEUTRAL molecule (# of positively charged protons = # of
negatively charged electrons)
99. T or F Oxygen in a water molecule attracts most of the electrons toward its end and
away from the hydrogen
100.
T or F The OXYGEN END of a water molecule acts NEGATIVE, while the
HYDROGEN END acts POSITIVE
101.
T or F
POLARITY is the unequal distribution of charge across the molecule
102.
T or F
Because of polarity HYDROGEN BONDS form between water
molecules
103.
Define cohesion:
Like molecules are attracted to each other
104.
T or F
Cohesion produces surface tension
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
105.
Define adhesion:
Unlike molecules are attracted to each other
106.
T or F
Adhesion causes WATER DROPLETS to form
107.
T or F Adhesion causes H2O molecules to hold to XYLEM TUBES in plants
combined with the cohesive property of water it causes the H2O molecues to move
upward
108.
T or F
Water is less dense as a solid
109.
T or F
When water freezes it forms crystal-like bonds that puts the
molecules at fixed distances from each other.
110.
T or F
The fixed distance in frozen water molecules is further apart than the
hydrogen bonds that pull liquid water molecules together.
111.
T or F
Floating ice insulates lakes so organisms can stay alive during extreme
cold weather.
Note:
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is the energy that must be added to the substance, typically a
liquid, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. For water it is (540 Cal/g)
112.
T or F
Heat of Vaporization/evaporation is measured by the amount of heat
energy needed to change 1g of 100oC boiling water to 100oC steam
113.
T or F
Water has a high heat of vaporization/evaporation
114.
T or F
Produces EVAPORATIVE COOLING from your body surface as you
sweat
115.
T or F
Water dissolves more substances than any other known substance
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
116.
T or F
Water does not dissolve lipids
117.
T or F
Water provides an AQUEOUS (WATERY) ENVIRONMENT for cells so
diffusion and metabolic reactions can take place
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations
Reactant + Reactant  Product
118.
What are the 2 main categories for chemical reactions?
Chemical reactions that build up molecules into larger molecules
and
Chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller parts
119.
Draw the pH scale.
 Label the numbers of the scale.
 Indicate which number is neutral.
 Indicate the acid range.
 Indicate the base range.
 Indicate which side is more concentrated with OH- and
 Indicate which side is more concentrated with H+.
Name:________________________________Period:______T-TH
Info to Study
Creating Larger Molecules
Anabolic
stores energy in newly formed chemical bonds
Dehydration Synthesis – 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen
(forming H2O) are removed so monomers can
bond with each other and create larger molecules.
Breaking Molecules Down Into Smaller Parts
Catabolic
releases energy as chemical bonds break
Hydrolysis – adding water helps break apart larger
molecules