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US008679821B2
(12) United States Patent
Worthington
(54)
BACTERIOPHAGE DERIVED METHODS TO
CONTROL LACTIC ACID BACTERIAL
GROWTH
(75) Inventor: Ronald E. Worthington, EdWardsville,
IL (US)
(73) Assignee: Southern Illinois University
(10) Patent N0.:
(45) Date of Patent:
(56)
Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
References Cited
4,740,593
5,722,342
2006/0154338
2006/0216356
2007/0092956
A
A
A1
A1
A1
4/1988
3/1998
7/2006
9/2006
Gonzalez et al.
Line et a1.
Stahl
Mans?eld et a1.
4/2007 Raj garhia et al.
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
WO
WO2010060057 A1
U.S.C. 154(b) by 271 days.
(21) Appl. N0.:
Mar. 25, 2014
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
EdWardsville, EdWardsville, IL (US)
Notice:
US 8,679,821 B2
5/2010
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
13/130,544
Sequence alignment between SEQ ID No. 5 and Accession No.
(22)
PCT Filed:
Nov. 23, 2009
AY968582 (2005).*
Greenspan et al (Nature Biotechnology 7: 936-937, 1999).
Chothia et al (The EMBO Journal, 1986,5/4:823-26).
(86)
PCT No.:
PCT/US2009/065569
Mikayama et a1. (Nov. 1993. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA, vol. 90 :
Jul. 12, 2011
Rudinger et al. (Jun. 1976. Peptide Hormones. Biol.Council. pp. 5-7).
Of?ce Action issued in US. Appl. No. 13/130,546 dated Mar. 26,
§ 371 (0X1)’
(2), (4) Date:
10056-10060).
2013.
(87)
PCT Pub. No.: WO2010/060054
PCT Pub. Date: May 27, 2010
(65)
Prior Publication Data
US 2011/0262411A1
Oct. 27, 2011
Related US. Application Data
(60)
(58)
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International
Publication No. WO2010/060054A1 (PCT/US2009/065569) dated
Mar. 4, 2010 (10 pages).
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International
Publication No. WO2010/060057A1 (PCT/US2009/065573) dated
Mar. 17, 2010 (9 pages).
* cited by examiner
Primary Examiner * Tekchand Saidha
Int. Cl.
C12N 1/20
C12P 21/06
C07H 21/02
(52)
pages).
Provisional application No. 61/117,104, ?led on Nov.
22, 2008.
(51)
De Oliva Neto et al., Screening for yeast with antibacterial properties
from an ethanol distillery, Bioresource Technology 2004, 92: 1-6 (6
(2006.01)
(2006.01)
(2006.01)
(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm * Polsinelli PC
US. Cl.
(57)
ABSTRACT
Compositions and methods for protection against bacterial
USPC ..................... .. 435/252.3; 536/231; 435/691
contamination are disclosed Antibacterial proteins and meth
Field of Classi?cation Search
ods of use thereof are also disclosed.
USPC ................... .. 435/231, 69.1, 252.3; 536/231
See application ?le for complete search history.
21 Claims, 4 Drawing Sheets
US. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
Sheet 1 014
US 8,679,821 B2
E]nsyithenic
10 0
1
FIG.'I
120
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US. Patent
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Mar. 25, 2014
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Sheet 2 of4
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US 8,679,821 B2
oN
US. Patent
Mar. 25, 2014
Sheet 3 of4
US 8,679,821 B2
Transgeic yeast
Wildtype yeast
FIG.3
20 0
1
i
1
150
0001
500
QAJHO SOUGOSGUWJH] JGPUH 231E
US 8,679,821 B2
1
2
BACTERIOPHAGE DERIVED METHODS TO
CONTROL LACTIC ACID BACTERIAL
GROWTH
by an amino acid sequence having at least 65, 66, 70, 75, 80,
81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87,88, 89, 90, 91, 92,93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99%, or more identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7,
SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10. Also, a
suitable antibacterial protein is encoded by a nucleic acid
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
APPLICATIONS
sequence having at least 70, 75, 80, 81, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, ormore identity
This application is a national stage application of PCT
International Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/065569
?led Nov. 23, 2009 and also claims priority of US. Provi
sional Application Ser. No. 61/117,104 ?led on Nov. 22,
2008, the subject matter of each above-mentioned applica
tions are herein being incorporated by reference in their
to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO:
4, or SEQ ID NO: 5.
A suitable population of cells may be prokaryotic or
eukaryotic. Exemplary cell types include yeast, fungus, bac
teria, insect, plant, or mammalian. Suitable yeast strains
include, but are not limited to, Kluyveromyces laclis, Saccha
romyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Can
entirety.
dida albicans. Further, a population of cells may comprise an
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel antibacterial proteins
and nucleic acid sequences. Speci?cally, the invention
includes antibacterial protein compositions, methods of use,
organism. Suitable organisms include yeast, plant, fungus,
bacteria, and non-human mammalians. Preferably the organ
ism is yeast. A suitable organism of the invention expresses an
20
antibacterial protein. Preferably, the organism expresses at
and transgenic organisms encompassing the antibacterial
least one antibacterial protein having a nucleic acid sequence
proteins.
having atleast 70, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, ormore identity to SEQ ID
NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, or SEQ
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
25
Bacteria are everyWhereifrom our intestinal tract, to
soils, rivers, and oceans. For the most part, bacteria are ben
87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, or more
identity to SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8,
e?cial, acting to degrade organic Waste and recycle nutrients
back into the food chain. Sometimes, hoWever, bacteria cause
problems.
30
In order to prevent problems associated With bacteria, anti
biotics are often added to an environment to suppress bacte
rial groWth. While this treatment can be effective, the USDA
has documented the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacte
rial strains. Since there are limited Ways to treat or prevent
40
and inhabit the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, includ
ing humans. These bacterial strains do cause human infec
tions and such infections Would be medically untreatable if
they involve antibiotic resistant bacteria.
There is a need to develop methods to limit or eliminate
bacterial contamination, are not cost prohibitive, and do not
cause harm to the environment or potentially cause antibiotic
resistant bacteria. Current methods are costly and may even
introduce harmful antibiotic resistant bacteria to our environ
ment. The present invention limits or eliminates bacteria
SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10. The organism may express
one, tWo, three, four, ?ve, six, or more antibacterial proteins
of the invention. Further, the expression of the antibacterial
protein may be environmentally sensitive. A suitable sensi
tivity may include, but is not limited to, the presence of lactic
acid or ethanol.
35
bacterial contamination, antibiotic resistance Would result in
frequent problems associated With contamination such as
spoilage. There is also a public health risk With the emergence
of antibiotic resistance, because often the bacterial species
that cause contamination are ubiquitous in the environment
ID NO: 5. The organism may express at least one antibacterial
proteinhaving atleast 65, 66, 70, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,
The invention also provides methods of protecting against
bacterial contamination. A method of the invention includes
adding bactericidal yeast expressing at least one antibacterial
protein of the invention to an environment at risk of bacterial
contamination. Another method of the invention includes
adding bactericidal yeast expressing at least one antibacterial
protein of the invention to a batch solution at risk of bacterial
contamination. The batch solution may be in preparation of
fermentation, Whereby the bactericidal yeast is added as a
fermentation ingredient.
45
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The folloWing draWings form part of the present speci?ca
groWth and contamination, and provides a solution to the
tion and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of
the present invention. The invention may be better understood
by reference to one or more of these draWings in combination
threats of antibiotic resistance emergence at a reasonable
With the detailed description of speci?c embodiments pre
cost.
sented herein.
50
FIG. 1 shoWs the antibacterial activity of yeast expressing
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to any population of cells,
Whereby at least one cell comprises an antibacterial protein.
One object of the present invention is to provide novel bac
tericidal yeast that reduces or eliminates bacterial contami
nation. Another object of the invention is to provide bacteri
cidal yeast that expresses at least one antibacterial protein. A
further object of the invention is to provide nucleic acid and
amino acid sequences encoding antibacterial proteins that
have been optimiZed for yeast expression. Speci?cally, the
bactericidal yeast of the invention expresses an antibacterial
protein. Preferably, a suitable antibacterial protein is encoded
55
the nisin trans gene.
FIG. 2 shoWs bacteria emitted luminescence in co-cultures
With Wildtype or transgenic yeast
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the area under the curves in
FIG. 2. The area under the curve is statistically signi?cant by
60
T-test (p<0.05) for the ?rst feW cycles.
FIG. 4 graphical illustration of antibacterial activity in AP
secreting yeast.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
65
The present invention relates to novel antibacterial pro
teins. Speci?cally, proteins having antibacterial activity once
US 8,679,821 B2
3
4
secreted from a population of cells or organisms. As such, the
tory Manual, CSH Press 1989, pp. 15.3-15.108 and all incor
porated herein by reference. Such mutated nucleic acid
derivatives may be used to study structure-function relation
ships of a particular AP protein, or to alter properties of the
protein that affect its function or regulation. In summary, the
methods for use of the antibacterial proteins are also contem
plated.
I. Antibacterial Proteins
A. Nucleic Acids Encoding Antibacterial Proteins
Nucleic acids encoding antibacterial proteins (APs)
invention relates to AP coding sequences such as those of
SEQ ID NOs: 1-5, and variants or mutants thereof. Also, the
derived from bacteriophage genomes are disclosed. An AP
nucleotide sequence includes an open reading frame that
encodes at least a catalytic domain and a binding domain. In
invention encompasses the intermediatary RNAs encoded by
the described nucleic acid sequences and that translates into
particular, an AP nucleic acid is capable, under appropriate
conditions, of expressing a protein having antibacterial activ
ity such as that illustrated by SEQ ID NOs: 1-10.
an AP of the invention.
1. Harmonization of Nucleic Acid Sequences Encoding
APs
AP nucleotides further include nucleic acid sequences that
To circumvent problems associated With poor translation
ef?ciency of non-mammalian derived mRNA in mammalian
systems, strategies to harmonize proteins are often used. Har
monizing a protein involves optimizing the nucleotide codons
encoding speci?c amino acids to those more likely to be used
hybridize under high stringency conditions to SEQ ID NOs:
1-5 such as those that are homologous, substantially similar,
or identical to the nucleic acids of the present invention.
Homologous nucleic acid sequences Will have a sequence
similarity ofat least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,
80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98%, 99%, or 100% to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5 or the
in the speci?c host’s genes. For example, GGG, GGA, GGT,
20
respective complementary sequences. Sequence similarity
and GGC all encode the amino acid Glycine; hoWever, GGT
is more often used to encode Glycine in Kluyreromyces lactis
genes than GGG (Table 1). To increase translation e?iciency
in yeast cells, at the Glycine position, GGG should be
replaced With GGT. Strategies to harmonize proteins are Well
may be calculated using a number of algorithms knoWn in the
art, such as BLAST, described in Altschul, S. E, et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 215:403-10, 1990 (using default settings, i.e. param
degeneracy of the genetic code. In general, a reference
knoWn in the art and described herein in the Examples.
The present invention provides nucleic acid sequences
encoding AP proteins of the invention harmonized for expres
sion in yeast. The nucleic acids SEQ ID NOs: 1-5 have been
sequence Will be 18 nucleotides, more usually 30 or more
optimized using the preferred codons of yeast genes (Table
eters W:4 and T:17). The nucleic acids may differ in
sequence from the above-described nucleic acids due to the
25
nucleotides, and may comprise an entire AP sequence for
comparison purposes.
30
Nucleotide sequences that can express an AP, or related
protein, and hybridize to the listed nucleotide sequences are
contemplated herein. Stringent hybridization conditions
include conditions such as hybridization at 50° C. or higher
and 0.1><SSC (15 mM sodium chloride/1.5 mM sodium cit
rate). Another example is overnight incubation at 42° C. in a
solution of 50% formamide, 5><SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM
trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH7.6),
5><Denhardt’s solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 ug/ml
denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, folloWed by Washing
in 0.1><SSC at about 65° C. Exemplary stringent hybridiza
35
1-4) in order to increase protein translation in yeast systems.
One skilled in the art Will recognize that coding sequences
may be optimized for use in any species through codon har
monization.
Preferred codons for protein expression for a Wide variety
of organisms may be obtained from publicly available codon
usage databases. The Codon Usage Database is an extended
WorldWide Web version of CUTG (Codon Usage Tabulated
from GenBank) developed and maintained by Yasukazu
40
tion conditions are hybridization conditions that are at least
about 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% as stringent as the above
Nakamura at The First Laboratory for Plant Gene Research,
Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Japan. The KEGG (Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Database is another
database and is described in Aoki and Kanehisa, Current
Protocols in Bioinformatics, (2005) 1.12.1-1.12.54, Which is
incorporated herein by reference.
speci?c conditions. Other stringent hybridization conditions
are knoWn in the art and may also be employed to identify
45
TABLE 1
homologs of the nucleic acids of the invention (Current Pro
tocols in Molecular Biology, Unit 6, pub. John Wiley & Sons,
Preferred DNA Codons for Kluyreromyces lactis.
N.Y., 1989).
Mutant nucleotides of theAP proteins may be used, so long
as mutants include nucleic acid sequences that encode func
50
tional AP proteins as described herein. The subject nucleic
acids may be mutated to alter properties of the encoded pro
tein such as expression properties, folding properties, and
antibacterial activity. A skilled artisan Will recognize that
proteins encoded by nucleic acids encoding homologues or
55
mutants may have the same antibacterial properties as those
encoded by SEQ ID Nos: 1-5 or may have altered antibacte
rial properties. The DNA sequence or protein product of such
a mutation Will usually be substantially similar to the
sequences provided herein and Will differ by one or more
nucleotides or amino acids. The sequence changes may be
substitutions, insertions, deletions, or a combination thereof.
Techniques for mutagenesis of cloned genes are knoWn in the
60
art. Methods for site speci?c mutagenesis may be found in
Gustin et al., Biotechniques 14:22, 1993; Barany, Gene
37:111-23, 1985; Colicelli et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:537
9, 1985; and Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Labora
65
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency/ 1000
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gly
GGG
GGA
GGT
GGC
788.00
1727.00
5335.00
845 .00
5.25
11.50
35.54
5.63
Glu
Glu
GAG
GAA
2393.00
7124.00
15.94
47.46
Asp
Asp
GAT
GAC
6116.00
2762.00
40.74
18.40
Val
Val
Val
Val
Ala
Ala
Ala
Ala
GTG
GTA
GTT
GTC
GCG
GCA
GCT
GCC
1636.00
1642.00
3893.00
2138.00
734.00
2334.00
4217.00
1778.00
10.90
10.94
25.93
14.24
4.89
15.55
28.09
11.84
Arg
Arg
AGG
AGA
902.00
3707.00
6.01
24.69
Ser
Ser
AGT
AGC
1917.00
953.00
12.77
6.35
Lys
AAG
5070.00
33.77
US 8,679,821 B2
5
6
TABLE l-continued
TABLE 2-c0ntinued
Preferred DNA Codons for Kluvreromvces Zacris.
Preferred DNA Codons for Saccharomvces cerevisiae.
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency/ 1000
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency/ 1000
Lys
Asn
Asn
Met
Met
Ile
Ile
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
Trp
Trp
Cys
Cys
End
End
Tyr
Tyr
Leu
Leu
Phe
Phe
Ser
Ser
Ser
Ser
Arg
Arg
Arg
Arg
G111
G111
His
His
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
Pro
Pro
Pro
Pro
AAA
AAT
AAC
ATG
ATA
ATT
ATC
ACG
ACA
ACT
ACC
TGG
TGA
TGT
TGC
TAG
TAA
TAT
TAC
TTG
TTA
TTT
TTC
TCG
TCA
TCT
TCC
CGG
CGA
CGT
CGC
CAG
CAA
CAT
CAC
CTG
CTA
CTT
CTC
CCG
CCA
CCT
ccc
5629.00
4735.00
3829.00
3158.00
2368.00
4123.00
3138.00
874.00
2282.00
3444.00
1923.00
1697.00
83.00
1433.00
483.00
55.00
163.00
3033.00
2557.00
5083.00
3534.00
2929.00
3534.00
1150.00
2445.00
4012.00
1901.00
224.00
318.00
1001-00
22800
1769-00
4411-00
213000
1043-00
770-00
1766.00
1779-00
649-00
633-00
3201.00
2020.00
573.00
37.50
31.54
25.51
21.04
15.77
27.46
20.90
5.82
15.20
22.94
12.81
11.30
0.55
9.55
3.22
0.37
1.09
20.20
17.03
33.86
23.54
19.51
23.54
7.66
16.29
26.73
12.66
1.49
2.12
6.67
1.52
11-73
29-38
14-19
6-95
5-13
11.76
11-35
4-32
4-22
21.32
13.46
3.82
Asn
Met
Met
Ile
Ile
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
Trp
Trp
Cys
Cys
End
End
Tyr
Tyr
Leu
Leu
Phe
Phe
Ser
Ser
Ser
Ser
Arg
Arg
Arg
Arg
Gln
Gln
His
His
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
Pro
Pro
Pro
Pro
AAC
ATG
ATA
ATT
ATC
ACG
ACA
ACT
ACC
TGG
TGA
TGT
TGC
TAG
TAA
TAT
TAC
TTG
TTA
TTT
TTC
TCG
TCA
TCT
TCC
CGG
CGA
CGT
CGC
CAG
CAA
CAT
CAC
CTG
CTA
CTT
CTC
CCG
CCA
CCT
CCC
162199.00
136805.00
116254.00
196893.00
112176.00
52045.00
116084.00
132522.00
83207.00
67789.00
4447.00
52903.00
31095.00
3312.00
6913.00
122728.00
96596.00
177573.00
170884.00
170666.00
120510.00
55951.00
122028.00
153557.00
92923.00
11351.00
19562.00
41791.00
16993.00
79121.00
178251.00
89007.00
50785.00
68494.00
87619.00
80076.00
35545_00
34597.00
119641.00
88263.00
44309_00
24.82
20.94
17.79
30.13
17.17
7.96
17.76
20.28
12.73
10.37
0.68
10
15
20
25
30
35
8.10
4.76
0.51
1.06
18.78
14.78
27.17
26.15
26.12
18.44
8.56
18.67
23.50
14.22
1.74
2.99
6.40
2.60
12.11
27.28
13.62
7.77
10.48
13.41
12.25
5_44
5.29
18.31
13.51
673
40
TABLE 3
TABLE 2
Preferred DNA Codons for Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Preferred DNA Codons for Saccharomvces cerevisiae.
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency/ 1000
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gly
Glu
Glu
Asp
Asp
GGG
GGA
GGT
GGC
GAG
GAA
GAT
GAC
39359.00
71216.00
156109.00
63903.00
125717.00
297944.00
245641.00
132048.00
6.02
10.90
23.89
9.78
19.24
45.60
37.59
20.21
Val
Val
Val
Val
Ala
Ala
Ala
Ala
Arg
Arg
Ser
Ser
Lys
Lys
Asn
GTG
GTA
GTT
GTC
GCG
GCA
GCT
GCC
AGG
AGA
AGT
AGC
AAG
AAA
AAT
70337.00
76927.00
144243.00
76947.00
40358.00
105910.00
138358.00
82357.00
60289.00
139081.00
92466.00
63726.00
201361.00
273618.00
233124.00
10.76
11.77
22.07
11.78
6.18
16.21
21.17
12.60
9.23
21.28
14.15
9.75
30.82
41.87
35.68
45
50
55
60
65
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gly
Glu
Glu
Asp
Asp
Val
Val
GGG
GGA
GGT
GGC
GAG
GAA
GAT
GAC
GTG
GTA
12611-00
45350.00
61455.00
23819.00
60189.00
126924.00
108632.00
44870.00
23799.00
35383.00
4-41
15.86
21.49
8.33
21.05
44.39
37.99
15.69
8.32
12.37
Val
Val
Ala
Ala
Ala
Ala
Arg
Arg
Ser
Ser
Lys
Lys
Asn
Asn
Met
GTT
GTC
GCG
GCA
GCT
GCC
AGG
AGA
AGT
AGC
AAG
AAA
AAT
AAC
ATG
82961.00
30476.00
15402.00
45581.00
85195.00
32882.00
14555.00
32175.00
42557.00
26242.00
70110.00
113860.00
97492.00
51016.00
59444.00
29.01
10.66
5.39
15.94
29.79
11.50
5.09
11.25
14.88
9.18
24.52
39.82
34.10
17.84
20.79
US 8,679,821 B2
7
8
TABLE 3-continued
TABLE 4-continued
Preferred DNA Codons for Schizosaccharomvces pombe.
Preferred DNA Codons for Candida albicans.
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency
Amino Acid
Codon
Number
Frequency/1000
M01
110
110
Thr
Thr
Thr
Thr
ATA
ATT
ATC
ACG
ACA
ACT
ACC
38588.00
100275.00
36129.00
18756.00
40864.00
65826.00
30616.00
13.50
35.07
12.64
6.56
14.29
23.02
10.71
110
T111
T111
T111
T111
Trp
Trp
ATC
ACG
ACA
ACT
ACC
TGG
TGA
8590.00
2501.00
11928.00
19438.00
8567.00
6942.00
180.00
13.51
3.93
18.77
30.58
13.48
10.92
0.28
Trp
Trp
Cys
Cys
E1111
E1111
Tyr
Tyr
TGG
TGA
TGT
TGC
TAG
TAA
TAT
TAC
31666.00
1228.00
25792.00
15958.00
1282.00
3622.00
63277.00
33662.00
11.07
0.43
9.02
5.58
0.45
1.27
22.13
11.77
Cys
Cys
E1111
E1111
Tyr
Tyr
L011
L011
TGT
TGC
TAG
TAA
TAT
TAC
TTG
TTA
5964.00
1135.00
336.00
632.00
16146.00
6614.00
21993.00
22928.00
9.38
1.79
0.53
0.99
25.40
10.41
34.60
36.07
L011
L011
P110
P110
801
801
801
801
TTG
TTA
TTT
TTC
TCG
TCA
TCT
TCC
68803.00
75328.00
92872.00
37197.00
23155.00
51773.00
86624.00
34753.00
24.06
26.34
32.48
13.01
8.10
18.11
30.29
12.15
P110
P110
801
s01
801
801
Arg
Arg
TTT
TTC
TCG
TCA
TCT
TCC
CGG
CGA
18958.00
9899.00
4341.00
16751.00
13984.00
6145.00
604.00
2604.00
29.83
15.57
6.83
26.35
22.00
9.67
0.95
4.10
Arg
Arg
Arg
Arg
CGG
CGA
CGT
CGC
8560.00
22918.00
44685.00
17213.00
2.99
8.01
15.63
6.02
Arg
Arg
G111
Gln
CGT
CGC
CAG
CAA
3791.00
523.00
4163.00
22696.00
5.96
0.82
6.55
35.71
G111
Gln
His
His
T111
T111
CAG
cAA
cAT
CAC
cTG
cTA
31063.00
78435.00
46721.00
18013.00
18453.00
24965.00
10.86
27.43
16.34
6.30
6.45
8.73
Thr
Thr
P10
P10
P10
CTT
CTC
CCG
CCA
CCT
72340.00
20752.00
13034.00
36383.00
61687.00
25.30
7.26
4.56
12.72
21.57
His
His
Thr
T1“
Thr
T1“
P10
Pro
Pro
Pro
CAT
CAC
CTG
CTA
CTT
CTC
CCG
CCA
CCT
CCC
9373-00
3578-00
2201-00
2782-00
6456-00
1636-00
1721.00
1670900
849500
266500
1475
5-63
3-46
4-38
10-16
2'57
2.71
2629
1336
419
Pro
CCC
23151-00
3-10
10
15
20
25
30
35
B. Protein/Polypeptide Compositions
The invention contemplates antibacterial proteins (APs)
and mutants thereof, Which include those proteins encoded by
TABLE 4
40 the subject nucleic acids, as Well as polypeptides comprising
the antibacterial proteins. The isolated antibacterial proteins
of the invention are exempli?ed by the sequences of SEQ ID
Preferred DNA Codons for Candida albicans.
NOs: 6-10. Further, the invention includes both the full
length proteins, as Well as portions or fragments thereof.
Amino Acid
Codon
Nurnber
Frequency/1000
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gly
GGG
GGA
GGT
GGC
4945.00
8710.00
18556.00
2818.00
7.78
13.70
29.19
4.43
Glu
Glu
GAG
GAA
7547.00
31701.00
11.87
49.87
Asp
Asp
GAT
GAC
27797.00
8545.00
43.73
13.44
Val
Val
Val
Val
Ala
Ala
Ala
Ala
GTG
GTA
GTT
GTC
GCG
GCA
GCT
GCC
6612.00
5460.00
19155.00
5773.00
1346.00
10162.00
17393.00
7453.00
10.40
8.59
30.14
9.08
2.12
15.99
27.36
11.73
Arg
Arg
AGG
AGA
1834.00
13817.00
2.89
21.74
Ser
Ser
AGT
AGC
11094.00
2955.00
17.45
4.65
Lys
Lys
AAG
AAA
11660.00
31114.00
18.34
48.95
tions of one or more amino acids, N-ter'minal truncations,
Asn
Asn
Met
Met
Ile
AAT
AAC
ATG
ATA
ATT
27162.00
11560.00
11591.00
9127.00
25761.00
42.73
18.19
18.24
14.36
40.53
erated using standard techniques of molecular biology,
including random mutagenesis and targeted mutagenesis as
45
Homologs or proteins (or fragments thereof) that vary in
sequence from the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 6-10
are also included in the invention. By homolog is meant a
protein having at least about 10%, usually at least about 25%,
30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,
50
85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or higher amino acid sequence identity
to the proteins encoded by SEQ ID NOs: 5-10, as determined
using MegAlign, DNAstar (1998) clustal algorithm as
described in Higgins, D. G. and Sharp, P. M., Fast and Sen
sitive Multiple Sequence Alignments on a Microcomputer,
CABIOS, 5: 151-153, 1989, both incorporated herein by
55
reference.
APs of the invention may be mutated, or altered, to
enhance, or change, biological properties of the protein. Such
biological properties include, but are not limited to, in vivo or
in vitro stability (e.g., half-life) and antibacterial activity.
60
Suitable mutations include single amino acid changes, dele
C-terminal truncations, insertions, etc. Mutants can be gen
65
described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Unit 8,
pub, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000 and incorporated herein
by reference.
US 8,679,821 B2
9
10
Suitable mutants include an amino acid sequence encoded
6-10 contain a ?exible hinge sequence that alloWs proper
by an open reading frame (ORF) of the gene encoding the
folding. The ?exible hinge sequence includes the amino acid
residues GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS positioned betWeen the
catalytic domain sequence and the binding domain sequence.
A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that any number of different
sequence compositions and lengths may be used to alloW
proper folding of the catalytic domain and binding domain.
subject isolated protein, including the full length protein and
fragments thereof, particularly biologically active fragments
and fragments corresponding to functional domains, and the
like; and including fusions of the subject polypeptides to
other proteins or parts thereof. Fragments of interest Will
typically be at least about 10 amino acids (aa) in length,
The APs of the invention may further include additional
usually at least about 30, 40, or 50 aa in length, more prefer
components that enhance its expression. Such additional
ably about 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 aa
in length and may be as long as about 160, 170, 180, 190, 200,
components include promoters, enhancers, secretion signals,
etc. For example, theAP sequence may include a host speci?c
220, 240, 260, 280 or 300 aa in length or even longer, but Will
secretion signal. An exemplary secretion signal Would
usually not exceed about 450 aa in length, Where the fragment
Will have a stretch of amino acids that is identical to the
include, but is not limited to, a yeast signal peptide sequence
that mediates secretion of the AP gene product. Further, the
subject protein of at least about 10 aa, and usually at least
about 15 aa, and in many embodiments at least about 50, 60,
AP sequence may include, or be under the control of an
inducible or constitutive promoter. Such promoters may be
70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, or 150 aa in length. The
environmentally-sensitive to speci?c substances. By Way of
subject polypeptides canbe about 25 aa, about 50 aa, about 75
example, a promoter may be sensitive to lactic acid, such as
aa, about 100 aa, about 125 aa, about 150 aa, about 200 aa,
about 210 aa, about 220 aa, about 230 aa, or about 240 aa in
20
length, up to and including the entire protein. A skilled artisan
Will recogniZe that a protein fragment may retain all or sub
the LDH promoter. In the presence of lactic acid, the promoter
activates transcription of the doWnstream gene. LikeWise, a
promoter may be activated by a transcription factor that is
sensitive to a substance, such as the alcohol dehydrogenase I
stantially all of a biological property of the isolated protein.
teriZed by having antibacterial activity. Further, the APs of the
promoter of Aspergillus nidulans. In the presense of ethanol,
the alcR transcription factor binds to the alcA binding domain
in the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter and activates tran
scription of the doWnstream gene. Methods for using induc
invention include at least 2 components: 1) a peptidoglycan
ible promoters are described in the art as Well as in the
digesting catalytic domain, and 2) a cell-Wall associated pro
tein domain. Suitable catalytic domains include those of bac
teriophage proteins that have the ability to facilitate the
digestion, or destruction, of a peptidoglycan containing sub
Examples herein.
The subject proteins typically range in length from about
1. AP Characteristics
The proteins and polypeptides of the invention are charac
25
30
200 to 500 residues and included herein are speci?c examples
that are about 244, 300, 303, 244, 451, 480, and 483 amino
stance such as a bacterium cell Wall. Exemplary catalytic
domains include those of lysine enZymes such as, but are not
acid residues in length. The subject proteins include both
limited to, the catalytic domain sequences of endo-beta-N
as about50,100,120,140,150,155,160,165,170,175,180,
acetylglucosaminidase, endopeptidase, N-acetylmuramyl-L
shorter and longer variants that range in length from as short
35
alanine amidase, and muramidase. Further a suitable catalytic
domain may be derived from any protein having a catalytic
domain With catalytic activity speci?c to chemical bonds
connecting molecules comprising bacterial cell Walls. Pref
erably, the catalytic activity is speci?c to chemical bonds
connecting molecules comprising Lactobacillaceae cell
Walls. More preferably, the catalytic activity is speci?c to
185, 190, 200, or 205 to as long as about 230, 235, 240, 245,
250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295 or even
longer. The subject proteins generally have a molecular
Weight ranging from about 15 to 55 kDa, including speci?
cally 19.2, 20.1, 26.4, 28.8, 32.5, 48.0, and 51.4 kDa.
40
2. AP Production
The present invention includes a method of producing an
AP by cultivating a host cell expressing an AP and then
isolating the protein. Such methods include the introduction
bacteria cell Walls and not yeast cell Walls. More preferably,
the catalytic activity is speci?c to Lactobacillaceae cell Walls
of an expression vector containing at least one protein coding
sequence of the invention into a host cell, as described herein,
and not yeast cell Walls. The catalytic domain ofAPs includes
the amino acid residues at about positions 1-222 found in
SEQ ID NOs: 6-10. A skilled artisan Will appreciate that the
catalytic domain may be mutated to alter antibacterial prop
erties.
45
The antibacterial activity also depends, in part, upon the
binding domain, Which targets the protein to the cell Wall of a
50
protein of interest. Methods to cultivate host cells are knoWn
in the art. Methods to express and isolate a subject protein are
55
described in Current Protocols in Protein Science, Units 5,
pub. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002 and Current Protocols in
Protein Science, Units 6, pub. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002
and both are incorporated herein by reference.
C. Expression System for APs
cultivation of the subject protein containing host cell, and
isolation of the subject protein from the cell extract. The
expressed subject protein may or may not be linked to another
bacterium. Once bound to the bacterium the catalytic domain
facilitates the destruction of the cell Wall, ultimately destroy
ing the bacteria. A suitable binding domain includes those
that cause the catalytic domain to attach to a cell Wall so that
the catalytic domain can digest the molecules of the cell Wall.
Exemplary binding domains include, but are not limited to,
those derived from viral pathogens such as Lactobacillaceae
viral pathogens. The binding domain of the APs of the inven
tion includes the amino acid residues at about positions 204
280 found in SEQ ID NOs: 6-10. A skilled artisan Will appre
ciate that the binding domain may be mutated to alter
1. Vectors
Methods for introducing a DNA sequence into eukaryotic
cells are knoWn in the art and typically include the use of a
DNA vector or plasmid. There are many vectors knoWn and
60
available in the art that are useful for the polynucleotides of
the invention. One of skill in the art Will recogniZe that the
selection of a particular vector depends upon the intended use
of the polynucleotide. Preferably, the DNA sequences are
introduced by a vector or plasmid, capable of transforming
65
includes at least one amino acid or more such that the AP
and driving the expression of the components of the construct
in the desired cell type, Whether that cell type is prokaryotic or
retains antibacterial activity. The sequences of SEQ ID Nos:
eukaryotic. Many vectors comprise sequences alloWing both
antibacterial properties.
Further, the APs of the invention may contain sequence that
alloWs proper folding of the protein. Exemplary sequence
US 8,679,821 B2
11
12
prokaryotic vector replication and eukaryotic expression of
encoding a luciferase, luciferin, ?uorescence tag, or other
operably linked gene sequences.
identi?able label knoWn in the art.
4. Host Cells
Any cell into Which a construct of the invention may be
Vectors useful according to the invention may be autono
mously replicating, that is, the vector exists extrachromo
somally, and its replication is not necessarily directly linked
to the replication of the host genome. Alternatively, the rep
introduced and expressed is useful according to the invention.
That is, because of the Wide variety of uses for the constructs
lication of the vector may be linked to the replication of the
host chromosomal DNA. For example, the vector may be
integrated into a chromosome of the host cell as achieved by
may be expressed, and preferably detected, is a suitable host.
of the invention, any cell in Which a construct of the invention
The construct may exist in a host cell as an extrachromosomal
element or be integrated into the host genome.
Host cells may be prokaryotic, such as any of a number of
bacterial strains, or may be eukaryotic, such as yeast or other
retroviral vectors.
A vector Will comprise sequences operably linked to the
coding sequence of the subject polypeptide that permit the
fungal cells, insect, plant, amphibian, or mammalian cells
transcription and translation of the components When appro
including, for example, rodent, simian or human cells. Host
priate. Within the expression vector, a subject polynucleotide
cells may be primary cultured cells, for example primary
is linked to a regulatory sequence as appropriate to obtain the
human ?broblasts or keratinocytes, or may be an established
desired expression properties. These regulatory sequences
cell line, such as NIH3T3, 293T or CHO cells among others.
may include promoters (attached either at the 5' end of the
Further, mammalian cells useful for expression of the con
structs may be phenotypically normal or oncogenically trans
sense strand or at the 3' end of the antisense strand), enhanc
ers, terminators, operators, repressors, and inducers. The pro
moters may be regulated or constitutive. In some situations it
formed. It is assumed that one skilled in the art can readily
establish and maintain a chosen host cell type in culture.
may be desirable to use conditionally active promoters, such
as environment speci?c promoters. In other Words, the
For large scale production of the protein, a unicellular
organism, such as E. coli, B. sublilis, S. cerevisiae, insect cells
20
expression vector Will provide a transcriptional and transla
tional initiation region, Which may be inducible or constitu
in combination With baculovirus vectors, or cells of a higher
25
tive, Where the coding region is operably linked under the
transcriptional control of the transcriptional initiation region,
organism such as vertebrates, e.g. COS 7 cells, HEK 293,
CHO, Xenopus Oocytes, etc., may be used as the expression
host cells. In some situations, it is desirable to express the
Expression vectors generally have convenient restriction
construct in eukaryotic cells, Where the expressed protein Will
bene?t from native folding and post-translational modi?ca
tions. Small peptides may also be synthesiZed in the labora
tory. Polypeptides that are subsets of the complete protein
sequence may be used to identify and investigate parts of the
sites located near the promoter sequence to provide for the
protein important for function. Speci?c expression systems of
and a transcriptional and translational termination region.
These control regions may be native to the subject species
from Which the subject nucleic acid is obtained, or may be
30
derived from exogenous sources.
insertion of nucleic acid sequences encoding heterologous
proteins. A selectable marker operative in the expression host
may be present. Expression vectors may be used for, among
other things, the production of fusion proteins, as is knoWn in
interest include bacterial, yeast, insect cell, and mammalian
35
In a preferred embodiment, the proteins of the invention are
expressed in yeast. Suitable yeast species include those
the art.
A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that the choice of vector for
use With the invention is dependent on the ho st With Which the
invention Will be utiliZed. Suitable vectors include, but are not
knoWn in the art. Exemplary yeast species include, but are not
40
limited to, bacteriophage-derived vectors, viral vectors, ret
roviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral
vectors, herpesviral vectors, and insect vector systems. Such
vectors are Well knoWn in the art.
45
Expression cassettes may include a transcription initiation
region, at least one polynucleotide of the invention, and a
bruxellensis, Candida slellala, Torulaspora delbrueckii,
50
55
Saccharomyces boulardii,
Cryplococcus dlj?uens, Cryplococcus laurenlii, Saccharo
myces rosei, Saccharomyces preloriensis, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces rosues, Sporobolomyces odorus,
Kluyveromyces veronae, Aureobasidiumpollulans and others
knoWn in the art. A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that the
choice of yeast species depends upon the intended use since
60
each yeast species has different physiological and fermenta
tive properties.
When any of the above host cells, or other appropriate host
cells or organisms, are used to replicate or express the poly
Such constructs include vectors, plasmids, and expression
may be operably linked or fused to a nucleotide sequence
Zygosaccharomyces bailii,
Rhodolorula rubra, Rhodolorula glulinis, Rhodolorula
marina, Rhodolorula auranliaca, Cryplococcus albidus,
The term “construct” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid
cassettes encoding at least one polynucleotide of the inven
tion. Constructs may be polynucleotides of the invention
fused to other protein coding sequence to generate fusion
proteins as described herein. For example, a polynucleotide
Exemplary species types include Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Kluyveromyces laclis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Can
dida albicans, Saccharomyces paslorianus, Saccharomyces
exiguous, Yarrowia lipolylica, genetically engineered yeast
including those engineered to ferment xylo se, Brellanomyces
transcriptional termination region. Of particular interest is the
sequence containing at least one AP polynucleotide of the
invention operably linked or fused to additional nucleic acids.
limited to, Saccharomyces species, Cryplococcus species,
Kluyveromyces species, Sporobolomyces species, Rhodol
orula species, Brellanomyces species, Zygosaccharomyces
species, Aureobasidium species, and others knoWn in the art.
2. Expression Cassettes
use of sequences that alloW for the expression of functional
epitopes or domains, usually at least about 8 amino acids in
length, more usually at least about 15 amino acids in length,
to about 25 amino acids, and up to the complete open reading
frame of the polynucleotides of the invention. After introduc
tion of the DNA, the cells containing the construct may be
selected by means of a selectable marker, the cells expanded
and then are used for expression.
3. Constructs
cell derived expression systems such as those described in
US. Pat. No. 6,969,597 and incorporated herein by reference.
nucleotides or nucleic acids of the invention, the resulting
replicated nucleic acid, RNA, expressed protein or polypep
65
tide, is Within the scope of the invention as a product of the
host cell or organism. The product may be recovered by any
appropriate means knoWn in the art.
US 8,679,821 B2
14
13
Another method of the invention includes providing a bac
tericidal organism to a batch solution. Suitable batch solu
tions include those in Which the organism is viable. Exem
plary batch solutions include, but are not limited to, solutions
5. Introduction of Constructs to Host Cells
Constructs provided by the invention, including vectors,
plasmids, and expression cassettes containing polynucle
otides of the invention, may be introduced to selected host
cells by any of a number of suitable methods knoWn to those
skilled in the art. Constructs may be inserted into mammalian
prepared for fermentation processing and solutions at risk of
contamination. A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that the envi
ronment may be limited by the nutrients required by the
host cells by methods including, but not limited to, electropo
ration, transfection, microinjection, micro-vessel transfer,
particle bombardment, biolistic particle delivery, liposome
bactericidal organism. Preferably, the bactericidal organism
is yeast.
mediated transfer and other methods described in Current
Protocols in Cell Biology, Unit 20, pub. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 2004 and incorporated herein by reference.
DEFINITIONS
For example, for the introduction of a construct containing
vectors into yeast or other fungal cells, chemical transforma
tion methods are generally used (as described by Rose et al.,
As used herein, the term “bactericidal” refers to the expres
sion of an antibacterial protein. The term is used herein to
describe populations of cells and organisms that express at
1990, Methods inYeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Labo
ratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. and incorporated
herein by reference). For transformation of S. cerevisiae, for
example, the cells are treated With lithium acetate. Trans
formed cells are then isolated on selective media appropriate
to the selectable marker used. Other methods knoWn in the art
may be used as Well as those described in the Examples
herein.
Constructs may be introduced to appropriate bacterial cells
by infection, as in the case of E. coli bacteriophage vector
particles such as lambda or M13, or by any of a number of
transformation methods for plasmid vectors or for bacte
least one antibacterial protein of the invention.
The term “harmonization” or “harmonizing” or their vari
ants refer to altering the nucleotide codons encoding speci?c
amino acids to those more likely to be used in the host cell or
20
proteins and peptides. All amino acids contain a central car
bon atom to Which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a
25
hydrogen atom are attached. Joining together amino acids
forms polypeptides. “Polypeptides” are molecules containing
up to 1000 amino acids. “Proteins” are polypeptide polymers
containing 50 or more amino acids.
A “gene” is a hereditary unit that has one or more speci?c
riophage DNA. For example, standard calcium-chloride-me
diated bacterial transformation is still commonly used to
introduce naked DNA to bacteria (Sambrook et al., 1989,
organism Without altering the encoded amino acid.
An “amino acid (aminocarboxylic acid)” is a component of
effects upon the phenotype of the organism; and the gene can
30
mutate to various allelic forms. The gene is generally com
Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Har
prised of DNA.
bor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., incorporated
The term “variant” relates to nucleotide or amino acid
sequences Which have similar sequences and that function in
herein by reference), electroporation may also be used (Cur
rent Protocols in Molecular Biology, pub. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1993 and incorporated herein by reference).
For the introduction into insect cells, liposome-mediated
transfection is commonly used, as is baculovirus infection.
Cells such as Schneider-2 cells (Drosophila melanogasler),
Sf-9 and Sf-21 cells (Spodoplerafrugzperda) or High FiveTM
cells (Trichoplusia ni) may be transfected using any of a
number of commercially available liposome transfection
reagents optimiZed for use With insect cells. Additionally,
the same Way.
35
such as a vector containing a gene.
A “nucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid molecule” is a
nucleotide polymer including genes, gene fragments, oligo
40
phosphoric acid group.
45
A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that the AP proteins of the
invention have many potential uses. Speci?cally, the expres
sion of the AP proteins by host cells is useful in situations in
Which the environment of the host cell has the potential of
becoming contaminated by bacteria. By Way of example, the
AP proteins may be particularly useful in the science, food,
energy, and pharmaceutical industries. By further example,
sequences for expression machinery such as promoters,
50
organism is viable. A skilled artisan Will recogniZe that the
environment may be limited by the nutrients required by the
bactericidal organism. Preferably, the bactericidal organism
is yeast.
for expression of an inserted gene. Plasmids are used as
vectors for transfecting a host With a nucleic acid molecule.
A “vector” is a replicon, such as plasmid, phage or cosmid,
to Which another DNA segment may be attached so as to bring
about the replication of the attached segment.
A “population of cells” includes any cell or group of cells.
55
A population of cells may include one or more stem cells
and/or one or more progeny cells of a stem cell. Such popu
tional yeast products, bioremediation, ethanol production, as
biosensors, screening assays, human or animal pharmaceuti
cals, medical purposes, dental purposes, such as prevention of
tooth decay, and other uses.
A method of the invention includes providing a bacteri
cidal organism to an environment at risk of bacterial contami
nation. Suitable environments include those in Which the
“Plasmids” are double-stranded, closed DNA molecules.
Plasmids or “expression vectors” can contain coding
poly-A tails, stop codons, and other components necessary
the AP proteins may be used for, but not limited to, the
folloWing products: Wine production, beer production, spirit
production (i.e. Whiskey), beverages, carbonated beverages,
food, probiotic supplements, nutritional supplements, nutri
nucleotides, polynucleotides, and other nucleic acid
sequences. “Nucleic acid” refers to the monomeric units from
Which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed, Wherein the
unit consists of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose, and a
particle bombardment, biolistic particle delivery, and micro
injection are Widely used to transform insects.
II. Methods of Use
A “host” is a cell or organism that receives a foreign bio
logical molecule, including a genetic construct or antibody,
lation of cells can comprise a cell in culture, comprise in vitro
tissue, or comprise a tissue Within a living organism. The
population of cells may be mammalian and includes, but is
60
not limited to, yeast, murine, human, bovine, porcine, equine,
ovine, or canine.
A “DNA molecule” refers to the polymeric form of deox
yribonucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine) in
either single stranded form or a double-stranded helix. This
65
term refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the
molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms.
Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter
US 8,679,821 B2
15
16
alia, in linear DNA molecules (e.g., restriction fragments),
viruses, plasmids, and chromosomes.
The amino acids described herein are preferred to be in the
“L” isomeric form. The amino acid sequences are given in
A DNA “coding sequence” is a DNA sequence Which is
transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in vivo When
one-letter code (A: alanine; C: cysteine; D: aspartic acid; E:
glutamic acid; F: phenylalanine; G: glycine; H: histidine; I:
isoleucine; K: lysine; L: leucine; M: methionine; N: aspar
agine; P: proline; Q: glutamine; R: arginine; S: serine; T:
threonine; V: valine; W: tryptophan; Y: tyrosine; X: any resi
placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.
The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a
start codon at the 5' (amino) terminus and a translation stop
codon at the 3' (carboxyl) terminus. A coding sequence can
due).
include, but is not limited to, prokaryotic sequences, cDNA
The term “speci?c binding,” in the context of antibody
from eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from
binding to an antigen, is a term Well understood in the art and
eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) DNA, and synthetic DNA
refers to binding of an antibody to the antigen to Which the
sequences. A polyadenylation signal and transcription termi
antibody Was raised, but not other, unrelated antigens.
nation sequence may be located 3' to the coding sequence.
As used herein, the term “hybridization” refers to the pro
As used herein the term “isolated” is meant to describe a
polynucleotide, a nucleic acid, a protein, a polypeptide, an
antibody, or a ho st cell that is in an environment different from
cess of association of tWo nucleic acid strands to form an
antiparallel duplex stabiliZed by means of hydrogen bonding
that in Which the polynucleotide, nucleic acid, protein,
betWeen residues of the opposite nucleic acid strands.
The term “oligonucleotide” refers to a short (under 100
bases in length) nucleic acid molecule.
“DNA regulatory sequences”, as used herein, are transcrip
polypeptide, antibody, or host cell naturally occurs. In refer
ence to a sequence, such as nucleic acid or amino acid, “iso
20
tional and translational control sequences, such as promoters,
art.
As used herein, the phrase “stringent hybridiZation condi
enhancers, polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like,
that provide for and/or regulate expression of a coding
tions” refers to conditions under Which a probe, primer or
oligonucleotide Will hybridiZe to its target sequence, but to no
sequence in a host cell.
A “promoter sequence” is a DNA regulatory region
25
capable of being bound by RNA polymerase, Whereby the
30
shorter sequences. Generally, stringent conditions are
selected to be about 5° C. loWer than the thermal melting point
(Tm) for the speci?c sequence at a de?ned ionic strength and
pH. The Tm is the temperature (under de?ned ionic strength,
pH and nucleic acid concentration) at Which 50% of the
probes complementary to the target sequence hybridiZe to the
Well as protein binding domains responsible for the binding
of RNA polymerase. Various promoters, including inducible
promoters, may be used to drive the various vectors of the
other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-depen
dent and Will be different in different circumstances. Longer
sequences hybridiZe speci?cally at higher temperatures than
polymerase initiates transcription of a doWnstream (3' direc
tion) coding sequence. For purposes of de?ning the present
invention, the promoter sequence includes the minimum
number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcrip
tion at levels detectable above background. Within the pro
moter sequence Will be found a transcription initiation site, as
lated” includes sequences that are assembled, synthesiZed,
ampli?ed, or otherWise engineered by methods knoWn in the
35
target sequence at equilibrium. Since the target sequences are
generally present in excess at Tm, 50% of the probes are
present invention.
occupied at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions Will
As used herein, the terms “restriction endonucleases” and
“restriction enZymes” refer to enZymes that cut double
be those in Which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0
M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion (or
other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least
stranded DNA at or near a speci?c nucleotide sequence.
A cell has been “transformed” or “transfected” by exog
enous or heterologous DNA When such DNA has been intro
duced inside the cell. The transforming DNA may or may not
40
primers and oligonucleotides. Stringent conditions may also
be integrated (covalently linked) into the genome of the cell.
In prokaryotes, yeast, and mammalian cells for example, the
transforming DNA may be maintained on an episomal ele
ment such as a plasmid. With respect to eukaryotic cells, a
be achieved With the addition of destabiliZing agents, such as
formamide. Preferably, the conditions are such that
45
sequences at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%,
98%, or 99% homologous to each other typically remain
hybridized to each other.
The term “identity” in the context of sequences refers to the
stably transformed cell is one in Which the transforming DNA
has become integrated into a chromosome so that it is inher
ited by daughter cells through chromosome replication. This
stability is demonstrated by the ability of the eukaryotic cell
about 30° C. for short probes, primers or oligonucleotides
(e.g., 10 nt to 50 nt) and at least about 60° C. for longer probes,
50
relatedness of tWo sequences on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide
basis or amino acid-by-amino acid basis over a particular
daughter cells containing the transforming DNA. A “clone” is
comparison WindoW or segment. Thus, identity is de?ned as
the degree of sameness, correspondence, or equivalence
a population of cells derived from a single cell or common
betWeen the same strands (either sense or antisense) of tWo
to establish cell lines or clones comprised of a population of
ancestor by mitosis. A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell
that is capable of stable groWth in vitro for many generations.
55
A “heterologous” region of the DNA construct is an iden
ti?able segment of DNA Within a larger DNA molecule that is
not found in association With the larger molecule in nature.
Thus, When the heterologous region encodes a mammalian
gene, the gene Will usually be ?anked by DNA that does not
?ank the mammalian genomic DNA in the genome of the
source organism. In another example, heterologous DNA
as the presence of a series of identical as Well as conserved
amino acid residues in both sequences. The higher the degree
of similarity betWeen tWo amino acid sequences, the higher
the correspondence, sameness or equivalence of the tWo
60
heterologous region of DNA as de?ned herein.
sequences. “Identity betWeen tWo amino acid sequences” is
de?ned as the presence of a series of exactly alike or invariant
amino acid residues in both sequences. The percentage of
sequence identity is calculated by comparing tWo optimally
includes coding sequence in a construct Where portions of
genes from tWo different sources have been brought together
so as to produce a fusion protein product. Allelic variations or
naturally-occurring mutational events do not give rise to a
DNA segments or the primary structure of tWo polypeptides.
“Similarity” betWeen tWo amino acid sequences is de?ned
aligned sequences over a particular region, determining the
65
number of positions at Which the identical base occurs in both
sequence in order to yield the number of matched positions,
dividing the number of such positions by the total number of
US 8,679,821 B2
17
18
positions in the segment being compared and multiplying the
homologous or substantially similar to the naturally occur
result by 100. Optimal alignment of sequences may be con
ring protein, and mutants of the naturally occurring proteins,
ducted by the algorithm of Smith & Waterman, Appl. Math.
2:482 (1981), by the algorithm of Needleman & Wunsch, J.
Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the method of Pearson & Lip
man, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85:2444 (1988) and by
computer programs Which implement the relevant algorithms
(e. g., Clustal MacaW Pileup, FASTDB (Intelligenetics),
BLAST (National Center for Biomedical Information; Alts
as described herein.
The term “effective amount” refers to the amount neces
sary to elicit a change in the environment or solution. For
example, an effective amount of bactericidal yeast added to
an environment Would result in a reduction, elimination, or
prevention of contamination.
EXAMPLES
chul et al., Nucleic Acids Research 25:3389 3402 (1997)),
PILEUP (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) or GAP,
The folloWing examples are included to demonstrate pre
ferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated
by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the
BESTFIT, FASTA and TFASTA (Wisconsin Genetics Soft
Ware Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, Madi
son, Wis.). (US. Pat. No. 5,912,120.)
For purposes of the present invention, “complementarity”
examples Which folloW represent techniques discovered by
is de?ned as the degree of relatedness betWeen tWo DNA
the inventor to function Well in the practice of the invention,
segments. It is determined by measuring the ability of the
and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for
sense strand of one DNA segment to hybridiZe With the anti
sense strand of the other DNA segment, under appropriate
conditions, to form a double helix. In the double helix,
its practice. HoWever, those of skill in the art should, in light
of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be
adenine appears in one strand, thymine appears in the other
strand. Similarly, Wherever guanine is found in one strand,
cytosine is found in the other. The greater the relatedness
betWeen the nucleotide sequences of tWo DNA segments, the
20
made in the speci?c embodiments Which are disclosed and
still obtain a like or similar result Without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
Example 1
25
greater the ability to form hybrid duplexes betWeen the
Generation of Antibacterial Proteins
strands of the tWo DNA segments.
The terms “homology”, “homologous,” “substantially
similar,” and “corresponding substantially” are used inter
changeably. They refer to sequence fragments, nucleic acid or
30
amino acid, Wherein changes in one or more bases or residues
does not affect the ability of the fragment to result in a speci?c
functional protein. These terms also refer to modi?cations of
the nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of the instant inven
the invention Was derived from each of the four families of
catalytic domains.
tion such as deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides or 35
domains, obtained from the public domain PFAM database.
Each sequence Was truncated from the caroboxy terminus so
that only the catalytic domain sequence remained. If the
40
to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single
dynamic programming implementation of the ClustalW algo
rithm in the licensed softWare package CLC Combined Work
45
capable of regulating the expression of that coding sequence
(i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional
bench (CLC bio) With default settings (FIGS. 6, 8, and 10).
The resulting consensus sequence for each of the four cata
lytic domain families Was used as the basis for each antibac
terial protein of the invention. The consensus sequences Were
control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably
analyZed for secondary protein structure, also using the CLC
linked to regulatory sequences in a sense or antisense orien
tation. In another example, tWo proteins can be operably
linked, such that the function of either protein is not compro
mised. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid
sequences being linked are contiguous and, Where necessary
to join tWo protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same
50
reading frame.
55
program With default settings. Where a consensus sequence
contained an ambiguity or gap, knoWledge of the secondary
protein structure Was used to choose an amino acid for that
position that Would preserve the integrity of the secondary
structure. The catalytic domain sequences are shoWn in FIGS.
5,7, 9, and 11.
In addition to a catalytic domain, a carboxy terminal bind
ing domain Was also added to each AP of the invention. The
binding domain provides a means for the AP to attach to the
cell Wall of a bacterium so that the catalytic domain can digest
The term “expression”, as used herein, refers to the pro
duction of a functional end-product.
By “substantially the same lengt ” is meant that any dif
ference in length does not exceed about 20%, usually does not
exceed about 10% and more usually does not exceed about
5%; and have sequence identity to any of these sequences of
sequence contained a bacterial secretion leader sequence, it
Was also truncated from the catalytic domain. The catalytic
domain sequence sets Were computationally aligned using a
The term “operably linked” or “operatively linked” refers
nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is regulated
by the other or is not hindered by the other. For example, a
promoter is operably linked With a coding sequence When it is
The amino acid sequences Were derived from betWeen 8
and 20 full-length protein sequences containing catalytic
residues that do not substantially alter the functional proper
ties of the resulting sequence relative to the initial, unmodi
?ed sequence. It is therefore understood, as those skilled in
the art Will appreciate, that the invention encompasses more
than the speci?c exemplary sequences.
The amino acid sequences of the APs Were designed based
on multiple alignments of bacteriophage genes. There are
four families of lysin catalytic domains found in enzymes of
Lactobacillaceae speci?c bacteriophages. At least one AP of
60
the molecules of the cell Wall. A consensus sequence for a
binding domain derived from Lactobacillaceae bacterioph
at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and usually at least about
ages Was constructed as described above for the catalytic
99% over the entire length of the nucleic acid.
The term “polypeptide composition” as used herein refers
to both the full-length protein, as Well as portions or frag
domain. LysM is the common domain pattern found in Lac
tobacillaceae bacteriophages. Again, Where the consensus
sequence contained an ambiguity or gap, knoWledge of the
secondary protein structure Was used to choose an amino acid
for that position that Would preserve the integrity of the sec
ments thereof. Also included in this term are variations of the
naturally occurring protein, Where such variations are
65
US 8,679,821 B2
19
20
ondary structure. The binding domain consensus sequence
Was added to the carboxy terminus of the catalytic domain
secretion peptide so that the yeast Would correctly process
and secrete the AP. After cloning the AP gene into pKLACl in
frame, the plasmid Was ampli?ed in E. coli host cells using
ampicillin selection. Extracted plasmid Was then linearized
With the restriction enzyme Sacll, Which exposed the DNA
sequence homologous With the K. laclis LAC4 at both the 5
prime and 3 prime termini of the vector. Speci?cally, 2 ug of
pKLACl DNA containing anAP of interest Was digested With
20 units ofSacll in 50 ul ofl>< NEBuffer at 370 C. for2 hours.
The digested DNA Was desalted using a commercially avail
consensus sequences.
The constructed amino acid sequences Were then reverse
translated using the codon frequency table for the yeast
Kluyveromyces laclis (Table 1). Further adjustments to the
nucleotide composition Were made to optimize CG %, elimi
nate repeated nucleotides, and minimize secondary nucleic
acid structure. Restriction enzyme sites Were added for clon
ing purposes including a 5 prime Xhol site and a 3 prime Bglll
site. The optimized sequences Were commercially synthe
sized and cloned into pUC57 plasmids. DNA Was isolated
able DNA fragment puri?cation kit.
lntroduction of the linearized expression cassette into K.
laclis cells Was achieved by chemical transformation using K.
laclis GG799 Competent Cells and NEB Yeast Transforma
from the pUC57 plasmids, digested With Xhol and Bglll, and
cloned into the yeast expression plasmid pKLACl.
tion Reagent. Speci?cally, 620 pl of NEB Yeast Transforma
Example 2
tion Reagent Was added to K. laclis competent cells on ice.
About 1 ug of linearized pKLACl DNA containing the AP of
Nisin Protein Synthesis
Nisin is an antibacterial bacteriocin substance that is
20
interest Was added to the cell mixture, Which Was then incu
bated at 300 C. for 30 minutes. The cell mixture Was heat
shocked by incubating it at 370 C. for 1 hour in a Water bath.
The cells Were pelleted by microcentrifugation at about 7000
secreted by some strains of Laclococcus laclis (L. laclis)
bacteria. NisinA (or nisin Z, Which differs by a single amino
acid from nisin A) is synthesized as a precursor peptide but
bacteria in their local environment. Nisin is a commercial
rpm. for 2 minutes and the supernatant Was discarded. The
cell pellet Was resuspended in 1 mL of sterile deionized Water.
The cells Were again microcentrifuged at about 7000 rpm.
for 2 minutes and the supernatant Was discarded. The cells
Were then resuspended in 1 mL YPGlu medium and trans
ferred to a sterile culture tube and incubated at 300 C. While
product used Widely in the food and beverage industries. It
has Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS) status under US
FDA regulations.
shaking for 30 minutes. The cells Were pelleted by microcen
trifugation as described above and resuspended in 1 mL of
sterile deionized Water. The resuspended cells Were plated
then undergoes extensive, covalent, enzymatic modi?cation
to become an antibiotic molecule. The antibiotic ?nal form of
25
nisin is secreted by L. lactis to kill competing lactic acid
30
onto separate YCB Agar Medium plates containing 5 mM
To demonstrate proof of principle for the use of bacterio
cins secreted by genetically engineered yeast in protecting
acetamide and incubated at 300 C. for 3 to 4 days until colo
nies formed. Only the yeast that recombined the AP vector
sequence into the endogenous LAC4 promoter, via homolo
against bacterial contamination, the nisin A gene Was cloned
into the genome of the yeast Kluyveromyces laclis. Because
yeast do not have the enzymes necessary to convert nisin
peptide into the antibiotic chemical form, it Was not antici
35
pated that the nisin A peptide Would have antibacterial activ
ity. HoWever, preparations from the nisin A containing yeast
Were found to have antibacterial activity When tested in a
bacterial killing assay. Speci?cally, nisinA yeast preparations
40
gous recombination, Were able to utilize acetamide as a nitro
gen source due to the presence of the acetamidase enzyme
transgene in the vector. AP expression Was driven by the
constitutive expression of the LAC4 gene in the yeast.
To determine if the cloned yeast expressed the inserted AP,
supematants Were extracted from three separate yeast colo
dependent manner, While preparations from non-engineered
nies. The supernatants Were analyzed by Liquid chromatog
raphy-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The LC/MS
yeast did not.
The unmodi?ed nisin gene Was constructed using oligo
nucleotides that Were commercially synthesized Where the
nisin peptide open reading frame Was ?anked With a 5 prime
Xhol-Kex cleavage site and a 3 prime Stul site using internal
chromatograms of three yeast cell supematants shoWed that
the yeast Were expressing the nisin transgene product (FIGS.
2, 3, and 4). The MS peak at 701 indicates the presence of the
expressed nisin transgene in the supernatant. The 697 peak is
a non-transgenic natural product of the yeast. Further, the
killed the target Enlerococcus faecalis bacteria in a dose
overlapping cohesive ends. The open reading frame of the
nisin peptide Was codon harmonized according to Kluyvero
myces laclis codon usage frequency (Table l, SEQ ID NO.
45
small peaks close to 701 are the radioisotope variants that are
commonly observed.
50
Example 4
10). The oligos Were annealed, phosphorylated, ligated, and
then the single double-stranded molecule Was ligated into the
Antibacterial Activity in AP Secreting Yeast
commercial pKLACl yeast expression vector.
Example 3
55
General Cloning and Expression of AP Proteins
Antibacterial activity in yeast culture supernatants Was
tested against 3 target strains of lactic acid bacteria including
Enlerococcufaecal is 32, Laclobacillus acidophilus (ATCC),
and Pediococcus penlosaceus. The method Was a modi?ca
tion of the protocol described in Berjeaud et al. Appl Micro
The antibacterial proteins of the invention Were cloned into
a yeast expression system and analyzed for antibacterial
60
biol. Biotechol. 57:757-763, 2001. Each species Was trans
activity. The commercial yeast expression system (NeW
England Biolabs) for Kluyveromyces laclis With the pKLACl
formed With pLSYC02, a plasmid carrying the luxA::B
shuttle vector Was used. An AP to be expressed Was cloned
in frame With both the KEX protease recognition site (amino
and an erythromycin resistance gene. The luxA:B fusion pro
tein causes luminescent light emission When living bacteria
are exposed to nonaldehyde. Killed bacteria do not emit light.
Bacteria Were groWn in phosphate buffered (pH 7) Terri?c
acids lysine-arginine) and the preceding alpha mating factor
Broth With glycerol containing 150 ug/mL erythromycin
fusion proteins controlled by the lactococcal p59 promoter
into the multiple cloning site of the pKLACl plasmid at the
Xhol and BGLII restriction sites. The AP codons Were placed
65
US 8,679,821 B2
21
22
(TBG). Single colonies from agar plates Were used to seed
overnight cultures, Which Were incubated at 37° C. With shak
ing. The next day, the cultures Were diluted 1 :5 in TBG, groWn
rogen. The assay uses Micrococcus cell Walls over-labeled
for one hour and then placed on ice. For the antibacterial
proximity. When lysoZyme activity causes molecular units to
detach from the cell Wall, the units carry ?uorescein mol
With ?uorescein isothiocyanate. The excess ?uorescein label
causes diminished ?uorescence signal because of ?uorophore
activity assay, cells Were Washed in saline and aliquoted
3><107 per Well in 50 pL of phosphate buffered saline pH 7 into
96 Well opaque plates. Next, 50 pL of test supernatant or
diluted authentic nisin peptide Was added to each Well in
ecules With them, Which lessens ?uorophore proximity and
increases overall ?uorescence.
The assay Was performed in 96 Well plates, With each
condition tested in duplicate. Test supernatants Were samples
of AP secreting recombinant yeast culture that have been
centrifuged at 16,000><g for 5 minutes to completely remove
triplicate. Luminescence Was measured in a BMG Lumistar
Optima luminometer after three baseline measurements, 1
second integration at a gain of 4000, and injection of 2
uL/Well of the bacterial luciferase substrate nonaldeyde.
TWenty subsequent measurements Were made and lumines
cence Was compared for all Wells at the cycle shoWing peak
comparative Was hen egg White lysoZyme dissolved in phos
phate buffered saline pH 7 (PBS) at 1,000 units/ml. A tWo
signal, usually cycle 10 after injection. For negative controls,
fold dilution series Was carried out six times With lysoZyme
K. laclis supernatants from cells bearing an integrated copy of
the empty pKLACl expression cassette or expressing the
added to all Wells. In the ?rst column of Wells, 25 pL of
cells and debris. The LysoZyme standard used as a control or
standard or test supernatant as folloWs: 25 pL of PBS Was
maltose binding protein from the pKLACl-malE expression
lysoZyme standard or test supernatant Was added. After mix
ing, 25 pL Were transferred to the next Well. This set Was
cassette (New England Biolabs) Were used. For positive con
trols, nisin reagent (MP Biologicals), or nisin peptide synthe
20
siZed by Genscript, Was used. As shoWn in FIG. 12, synthetic
nisin that had not been modi?ed exhibited antibacterial activ
ity. Contrary to What is knoWn in the art, nisin does not need
to be modi?ed to elicit antibacterial activity.
To evaluate transgenic yeast strains expressing the glu
cosamidase derived antibacterial protein, transgenic yeast
repeated ?ve more times to result in six, tWo-fold dilutions. 25
pL Were removed from the last Well and discarded. Then 25
pL of FITC-labeled Micrococcus cell Walls (substrate), at 100
ug/ml Was added to all Wells.A ?nal set of 2 Wells contains 25
pL PBS and 25 pL substrate to serve as a no enZyme control.
25
The plate Was incubate at 37 C for 30 minutes, and then the
?uorescence Was read on a Fluodia plate reader (Photon Tech
Were co-cultured With pLSYC02 transformed Pediococcus
nologies Inc) using FITC ?lters and attenuation settings of 1/4,
penlosaceus bacteria. Again, pLSYC02 carrying bacteria
1/6 and 1/s.After subtracting the ?uorescence of the no enZyme
control from each Well, the corrected ?uorescence values
Were recorded and expected to re?ect the maximum reaction
emit luminescent light While alive When exposed to nonalde
hyde, but killed bacteria do not emit light. Transgenic and
Wild type K. laclis yeast clones Were groWn in 10% yeast
30
velocity (Vmax) achieved under the assay conditions. Data
extract, 20% bacto peptone, 2% galactose (YPG) for 36 hours
Was plotted as Vmax as a function of lysoZyme standard
at 30° C. With shaking. Galactose Was used as the carbon
activity units.
substrate to activate the transgenic galactosidase promoter
Which drives expression of the transgene. Transgenic Pedio
coccus penlosaceus bacteria carrying the pLSYC02 plasmid
As shoWn in FIG. 4 the AP secreting yeast display activity
35
similar to the lysoZyme. The results demonstrate that the AP
secreting yeast Will cause breakdoWn of the cellular Walls,
and can be correlated With the potential breakdoWn of bacte
rial cell Walls.
40
Example 6
Were groWn overnight in terri?c broth With 1% glycerol and
10 ug/mL erythromycin (TBGE) at 37° C. With shaking.Yeast
and bacteria Were pelleted and resuspended in YPG. TWenty
million bacterial cells and tWo million yeast cells Were dis
pensed into ?at bottom, opaque microtiter plates in 100 pL
Ethanol Inducible System
aliquots (?nal total volume). After 3 cycles of measuring
background luminescence, 5 uL nonyl aldehyde (Acros
Organics, 95%) Was injected into each Well except for blank
Wells, and luminescence Was measured for 20 cycles With
shaking betWeen each cycle in a 37° C. thermostatted BMG
Lumistar Optima luminometer.
Yeast strains expressing the glucosamidase derived anti
bacterial protein shoWed antibacterial activity When co-cul
tured With Pediococcuspenlosaceus bacteria (FIGS. 2 and 3).
45
tWo DNA sequence components. The ?rst component con
50
Over the course of about 3 cycles, luminescence detection
signi?cantly decreased indicating a decrease in live bacteria.
In the co-culture containing the glucosamidase derived anti
bacterial protein expressing yeast compared to the culture
containing Wildtype yeast. These results indicate the antibac
terial protein effectively killed bacteria.
55
Example 5
Antibacterial Activity in AP Secreting Yeast
60
Antibacterial activity in yeast culture supernatants Was
tested against lysoZymes of knoWn enZyme activity found in
hen egg Whites. The test is designed to determine the activity
of the bacteriophage lysine enZyme discussed in the present
Methods to control lactic acid bacterial groWth during fer
mentation include using inducible promoter systems. One
such system that may be employed is the alcohol dehydroge
nase I promoter system derived from Aspergillus nidulans.
The alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter system consists of
65
sists of the folloWing DNA sequences, fused together, in ?ve
prime to three prime order: 1) the alcohol dehydrogenase I
promoter of Aspergillus nidulans (derived from Genbank
M16916.1) containing the alcA binding site for the alcR
transcription factor, 2) a yeast signal peptide sequence to
mediate secretion of the gene product; 3) the open reading
frame of the gene for any of the bacteriophage peptidoglycan
digesting catalytic domains including, but not limited to, SEQ
ID NO: 1-5; and 4) a cell Wall-associated protein domain
speci?c to bacteria of the order Lactobacillaceae derived from
the cell Wall lytic enZyme genes of phages that infect lactic
acidbacteria. The second sequence component consists of the
folloWing DNA sequences, fused together, in ?ve prime to
three prime order: 1) a constitutive promoter such as SV40; 2)
an open reading frame for the alcR transcription factor protein
that is derived from the gene of that function in Asperigillus
application. The methodology for the assay Was based on the
nidulans. The tWo DNA sequence components may be syn
EnZChek LysoZyme Assay Kit (e-22013) produced by Invit
thesiZed using oligonucleotides With overlapping cohesive
US 8,679,821 B2
23
24
ends. The tWo DNA sequence components may be codon
described in terms of preferred embodiments, it Will be appar
harmonized according to the codon usage frequency for the
ent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to
the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the
sequence of steps of the method described herein Without
desired host to optimize expression properties.
In this system, the transcription factor transgene, alcR, Will
be constitutively expressed. When ethanol is present in the
environment, the alcR transcription factor Will activate tran
scription of the transgenic enzyme and the transgenic host
cells Will synthesize and secrete the lytic enzymes that are
targeted to competitive bacteria in the environment.
All of the compositions and methods disclosed and
departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention.
More speci?cally, it Will be apparent that certain agents Which
are both chemically and physiologically related may be sub
stituted for the agents described herein While the same or
similar results Would be achieved. All such similar substitutes
claimed herein can be made and executed Without undue
and modi?cations apparent to those skilled in the art are
experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the
compositions and methods of this invention have been
deemed to be Within the spirit, scope and concept of the
invention as de?ned by the claims.
SEQUENCE LISTING
<l60> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS:
<211>
<2l2>
<2l3>
<220>
1O
LENGTH: 911
TYPE: DNA
ORGANISM: Artificial
FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Alanine Amidase Genescript
<400> SEQUENCE:
1
ctcgagaaaa gaatgattat gttggttgca ggtcatggtt acaatgatcc aggtgctgtt
6O
ggtaatggta caaatgaaag agactttatc agaaaataca taacaccaaa cattgctaag
120
tatttgagac acgccggtca tgaagttgct ctatatggtg gttcatcaca atctcaggat
180
atgtaccaag atactgctta cggtgtcaac gtaggaaaca acaaagatta tggtttgtac
240
tgggttaaat ctcatggtta cgatatagtt cttgaaatcc atcttgacgc agctggtgaa
300
tctgccagtg gtggtcatgt aattatttcc tcacaattta acgctgatac tatcgataaa
360
tctatccaag atgtcattaa gaataactta ggtcaaatta gaggtgttac ccctagaaat
420
gatttgctaa acgttaatgt tccgctgaga ttaatattaa ctatagatta tcagaactag
480
gttttattac taataagaat gacatggatt ggataaagaa aaactatgat ttgtattcaa
540
agttgattgc tggtgctatt catggtggtg gtggtggttc cggaggtggt ggatctggtg
600
gtggaggttc ttatatagtg aaacaaggtg atactttaag tggtattgct tcaaattggg
660
gtaccaattg gcaagaacta gctagacaaa atagtctttc taatccaaat atgatctata
720
caggtcaagt gatcagattc acaggtggtc agtctggtgc taccgctaga acctacacag
780
tttcatcagg tgataatttg tcctcaatag catccagatt gggtacaaca gttcaatctt
840
tggtatccat gaatggtatc tccaacccaa acttaattta tgccggacaa acccttaact
900
attaaagatc t
911
<2lO> SEQ ID NO 2
<211> LENGTH: 1047
<2l3> ORGANISM: Artificial
<220> FEATURE:
<223> OTHER INFORMATION: Glucosaminidase Genescript
<400> SEQUENCE: 2
ctcgagaaaa gaatgcaagg taaggccttc gctgaagctt gtaagaagaa taatatcaat
6O
gaaatttatt taattgctca cgcctttttg gaatcaggtt acggtacttc taatttcgca
120
tctggtagat acggtgggta taactatttc ggtatcggtg catttgataa caatccaaac
180
tacgctatga ctttcgctaa gaataagggt tggacatctc ctgctaaagc tattatggga
240
US 8,679,821 B2
29
30
—cont inued
10
Pro
Gly
Ala Val
Gly
Asn
Gly
Thr Asn Glu
20
Tyr
35
Thr Ala
Arg Asp
Phe Ile
Arg Lys
Arg His
Ala
Gly
His Glu
Tyr
Gln
Asp
Lys Asp Tyr Gly
Leu
Tyr
25
Ile Thr Pro Asn Ile Ala
Val Ala Leu
15
Lys Tyr
Leu
40
Tyr Gly Gly
Tyr Gly
45
Ser Ser Gln Ser Gln
Val Asn Val
Gly
Asn Asn
Asp
Met
65
Trp
80
Val
Ala Ala
Lys
Gly
Ser His
85
Gly Tyr Asp
Ile Val Leu Glu Ile His Leu
90
Glu Ser Ala Ser
Gly Gly
His Val Ile Ile Ser Ser Gln
105
Phe Asn Ala
Asp
Thr Ile
Asp Lys
115
Asn Leu
130
Gly
110
Ser Ile Gln
Asp
120
Gln Ile
Arg Gly
Val Thr Pro
Arg
135
Asn
140
Tyr Arg
145
155
150
Phe Ile Thr Asn
Lys
Asn
Asp
Met
165
Asp
Gly
Leu
Ser
Tyr
Ser
180
Lys
Leu Ile Ala
Ser
Thr Leu Ser
Arg
225
Gly
Gly
Gly
Gln Val Ile
Thr
Tyr
Leu
Gly
Leu Leu Asn
Lys Lys
Asn
175
Tyr
Gly Gly Gly Gly
Ser
Tyr
Ile Val
Lys
Thr Asn
Trp
205
Ile Ala Ser Asn
Trp Gly
220
230
Asn Ser Leu Ser Asn Pro Asn Met Ile Tyr
235
240
Arg
Phe Thr
Gly Gly
Gln Ser
Gly
Ala Thr Ala
250
Thr Val Ser Ser
Gly Asp
260
Arg
Asn
190
Gly Gly Gly Gly
245
Arg
Ala Ile His
215
Gln Glu Leu Ala
Thr
Ile
200
210
Lys
Leu Ser Glu Leu
160
185
Gly Gly Gly Gly
Gly Asp
Asp Trp
Asp
170
195
Gln
Val Ile
125
Val Asn Val Ser Ala Glu Ile Asn Ile Asn
Gly
Asp
95
255
Asn Leu Ser Ser Ile Ala Ser
265
Thr Thr Val Gln Ser Leu Val Ser Met Asn
280
Asn Pro Asn Leu Ile
290
Tyr
Ala
Gly
Gly
Ile Ser
285
Gln Thr Leu Asn
295
Tyr Arg
Ser
300
SEQ ID NO '7
LENGTH: 246
TYPE: PRT
ORGANISM: Artificial
FEATURE:
OTHER INFORMATION: Glucosaminidase Genescript
SEQUENCE: 7
Leu Glu Lys Arg Met Gln Gly Lys Ala Phe Ala Glu Ala Cys Lys Lys
1
5
15
Asn Asn Ile Asn Glu Ile
Gly Tyr Gly
Tyr
Thr Ser Asn Phe Ala Ser
35
Tyr
Phe
Gly
Leu Ile Ala His Ala Phe Leu Glu Ser
25
30
Gly Arg Tyr Gly
40
Ile
Gly
Ala Phe
Asp
Ala
Tyr
Asn
45
Asn Asn Pro Asn
Tyr
Ala Met Thr
55
Phe Ala
65
Lys
Asn
Lys Gly Trp
'70
Thr Ser Pro Ala
'75
Lys
Ala Ile Met
Gly
80