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1 Name: Lab Time: Chemical Composition of the Body and Enzyme Function Study Guide, Chapter 2 and 4 Part I. Clinical Applications 1. It is determined that a patient is in acidosis. What does this mean, what is the normal pH range for the human body, and would you treat the condition with a chemical that would raise or lower the pH? Acidosis means blood pH is below the normal range. Normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45. The patient should be treated with something to raise the pH 2. Johnny’s body temperature is spiking upward. When it reaches 104 F, his mother puts a call to the pediatrician. She is advised to give Johnny Children’s acetaminophen or ibuprofen and sponge his body with cool water to prevent a further rise in temperature. How might a fever (excessively high body temperature) be detrimental to Johnny’s welfare? “Normal” body temperature for an adult taken orally is 98.6°F (37°C) and many of our enzymes functional well at that temperature. Heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules. Vital biological molecules, like enzymes, can have their structure altered and rendered nonfunctional by excessive heat. All biological enzymes are proteins and their destruction is lethal because many key enzymatic reactions for life would be stopped. 3. Stanly has indigestion and is doubled over with pain. How could an antacid reduce his stomach discomfort? Stomach discomfort is frequently caused by excess stomach acidity (“acid indigestion”). An antacid contains a weak base that will neutralize the excess acid (H+). 4. How can the rapid breakdown of fat result in a dangerous decrease in blood pH? Hint – Ketone bodies Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adipose tissue releases glycerol and free fatty acids into the blood which are both used as an energy source by many organs; they can also be converted by the liver into derivatives called ketone bodies which circulate through the blood and used as an energy source by organs such as the heart and brain. Ketone bodies include acetoacetic acid, β–hydroxybutryric acid, and acetone (solvent in nail polish remover). A rapid breakdown of fat (lipolysis), as may occur during low-carbohydrate diets and in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, can result in elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood – a condition called ketosis. If there are sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in the blood to lower the blood pH, the condition is called ketoacidosis. Severe ketoacidosis, which may occur in diabetes mellitus, can lead to coma and death. A person in this condition may also have a sweetsmelling breath due to the presence of acetone, which is volatile and leaves the blood in the exhaled air. 2 Part II 1. O 2. C 3. K 4. I 5. H 6. N 7. Ca 8. Na 9. P 10. Mg 11. Cl 12. Fe 13. monosaccharides 14. Fatty acids and glycerol 15. amino acids 16. nucleotides 17. proteins 18. monosaccharides or carbohydrates 19. lipids 20. carbohydrates or monosaccharides 21. lipids 22. amino acids 23. nucleotides 24. nucleotides 25. lipids 26. proteins 27. carbohydrates 28. lipids 29. proteins 30. lipids 31. 2:1; C6H12O6; 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen 32. collagen and keratin 33. enzyme and hemoglobin and certain hormones 34. enzyme 35. starch 36. glycogen 37. DNA 38. Cholesterol (used to make all steroids) and certain hormones 39. lactose and maltose 40. monosaccharide 41. functional proteins 42. nucleotide 43. fat 44. polysaccharide 45. polysaccharide 46. disaccharide 47. monosaccharide 48. monosaccharide Part III 1. C 6. Ca 11. water 2. N 7. Cl 12. 10 times more 3. P 8. Na 13. 100 times more 4. Fe 9. 10 5. O 10. 4 14. antibodies, contraction, enzymes, certain hormones 15. nitrogen 16. monosaccharides; amino acids; 20; side chain; -NH2 17. adenine; ribose 18. triphosphate 19. ADP + P (phosphate) 20. Enzymes decrease the activation energy of a chemical reaction by orienting molecules (substrate) so that they are more likely to react, and increase frequency of collisions. 21. proteins; substrate 22. active site; enzyme-substrate; substrate; enzyme 23. – ase ; dehydrogenase; water; fats (lipids); lactase 24. ions; vitamins ( or portions of vitamins) 25. nucleotide 26. adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine 27. bases (A,C,T,G); 1,000; 40,000. Note: The haploid human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes. 28. RNA is single stranded, its sugar is ribose and it contains the base uracil instead of thymine. 3 Part IV 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B, C 11. B 12. A 13. E 14. B 15. B 16. A, D 17. C, B 18. E, C 19. C, D 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. C 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. E 15. D 16. C 17. D 18. B Part V 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C B D C E D 9 Part VI 1. Which ion is responsible for increased acidity? H+ is responsible for increased acidity. 2. What are monomers of carbohydrates called? Which monomer is blood sugar? Monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides or simple sugars. Glucose is blood sugar. 3. What is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called? The animal form of stored carbohydrate is glycogen 4. How do triglycerides differ from phospholipids in body function and location? Triglycerides, the major source of stored energy in the body, are composed of three fatty acid chains and a glycerol molecule and are found in fat tissue (adipose). Phospholipids consist of two fatty acid chains and a charged phosphorus containing group. They are found in all cell membranes and form the basis of those membranes. 5. What is the primary structure of proteins? The primary structure of proteins is the linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain. 6. What are the two types of secondary structure in proteins? The secondary structures of proteins are the alpha helix and the beta-pleated sheet. The alpha helix structure resembles a Slinky toy or the coils of a telephone cord whereas a beta-pleated sheet resembles ribbon-like structure such as an accordion’s bellows. 4 7. How do DNA and RNA differ in the bases and sugars they contain? DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and the bases A, T, G, C. RNA contains ribose sugar and the bases A, U, G, C. 8. What are the two important roles of DNA? DNA dictates protein structure by its base sequence and reproduces itself before a cell divides to ensure that the genetic information in the daughter cells is identical 9. Describe the difference between competitive and non-competitive (allosteric) enzyme inhibitors. Competitive inhibition: The inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule. Non-competitive or allosteric inhibition: The inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site causing the enzyme active site to change shape, thus preventing its activity. 10. Name the types of pyrimidines and purines found in DNA. Name the types of pyrimidines and purines found in RNA. DNA contains the pyrimidines Thymine and Cytosine DNA contains the purines Adenine and Guanine RNA contains the pyrimidines Uracil and Cytosine RNA contains the purines Adenine and Guanine Part VII 1. Xanthomas 2. Phenylketonuria; Phenylketones or phenylpyruvic acid 3. Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH); Homozygous; Heterozygous; Low-density lipoprotein; Low-density lipoprotein; LDL or low density lipoproteins 4. Microcephaly 5. Aspartame 6. Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) 7. Phenylketonuria 8. Tay-Sachs Disease 9. Metabolism 10. Tay-Sachs Disease 11. Phenylketones (phenylpyruvic acid); tyrosine 12. Dopamine mostly and although not significant can have a decrease in norepinephrine 13. Glucose and galactose 14. Tyrosine 15. Albinism 16. Galactosemia 17. A