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LEARNING THEORIES Essential Questions: What is learning? What is classical conditioning? Why is Pavlov's work important? What is operant conditioning? What are different types of reinforcers? How does punishment affect behavior? What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement? What cognitive and biological processes and restraints affect operant conditioning? VOCABULARY: Learning, associative learning, classical conditioning, behaviorism, unconditioned response (UR), unconditioned stimulus (UC), conditioned response (CR), conditioned stimulus (CS), acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, operant conditioning, respondent behavior, operant behavior, law of effect, operant chamber, shaping, reinforcer, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer, continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement, fixed-ratio schedule, variable-ratio schedule, variable-interval schedule, punishment, cognitive map, latent learning, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, observational learning, modeling, mirror neurons, prosocial behavior LEARNING THEORIES Classical Conditioning – PAVLOV and WATSON Classical Conditioning - type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a Unconditioned response Stimulus (US) the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the Unconditioned unconditioned stimulus (US) Response (UR) an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association Conditioned with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a Stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) the learned response to a previously neutral, but now Conditioned conditioned, stimulus (CS) Response (CR) Operant Conditioning – SKINNER Operant Conditioning - learning in which behaviors are strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Thorndike’s law of effect – behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less likely Shaping – an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal Primary reinforcer – an innately reinforcing stimulus, may satisfy a biological need or drive (ex: food) Secondary reinforcer – a conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its socially constructed meanings (ex: money, popularity, etc) Latent learning – learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Overjustification effect – the effect of a promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do (diminishes intrinsic motivation) Positive Reinforcement Adding a desired stimulus (ex: praise or money for desired behaviors) Punishment Adding an undesired stimulus (ex: spanking, speeding ticket) Negative Removing an undesired stimulus (ex: taking medicine to take away pain, removal of homework for good behavior Removing a desired stimulus (ex: taking away a privilege, being grounded) Reinforcement Schedules Schedule Description Continuous Reinforces a response every time it occurs Fixed-ratio Variableratio Fixedinterval Variableinterval Example Putting coins in a vending machine, praise each time you get an A Reinforces a response only after a People paid on piecework set/certain number of responses (every 30 pieces), frequent flyer programs Reinforces a response after Slot-machines, lotto tickets varying/unpredictable numbers of *Produces the strongest responses response rate* Reinforces behavior only after a Weekly paychecks, waiting certain amount of time has passed for pudding/Jell-O to set Reinforces behavior after Pop quizzes, your boss varying/unpredictable time checking your work intervals randomly, speed traps Observational learning – BANDURA (Bobo doll study on modeled aggression) Observational Learning – learning that occurs by observation, modeling, and imitation of actions.