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Transcript
Integumentary System • Structure – mostly epithelial tissue – 3 layers • Epidermis – dead cells • Dermis – living cells – – – – – Hair follicles Sweat and oil glands Nerves Muscle fibers Blood vessels • Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) – adipose (fat) cells – connective tissue Immune System Chapter 43 175 “Generic” Thinking on immune system • Antigen/pathogen: Anything trying to enter and destroy cell • Macrophage: Cell that “eats” and destroys antigen Immune System • Functions – Protection from pathogens and cancer – – – – Viruses Bacteria Parasites Toxins – Innate Immunity – nonspecific defenses • 1st line of defense • 2nd line of defense – Acquired immunity – specific defenses • 3rd line of defense – Humoral immune response » B-cell response – Cell mediated immune response » T-cell response INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes External defenses Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Invading microbes (pathogens) ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slower responses to specific microbes Internal defenses Phagocytic cells Antimicrobial proteins Humoral response (antibodies) Inflammatory response Natural killer cells Cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes) Immune System • Structures – – – – Skin Mucous Membranes Bone Marrow WBC’s - leukocytes • Neutrophils – attack pathogens in the blood and tissues • Monocytes macrophages – in body tissues • Dendritic cells Lymphocytes – B-cells – T-cells – – – – Lymph nodes Spleen Lymph vessels Thymus Innate Immunity – Non Specific Defense 177 • 1st lines of defense • Skin – Barrier to pathogens – Sebaceous (oil) and sweat glands secrete lysozyme which destroys bacteria • pH of 3-5 – acidic • Mucous Membranes – Line the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts – Mucus and cilia trap and expel pathogens • Secretions – Stomach – gastric juice – pH 2 – Saliva, tears, and mucous all contain lysozyme proteins Innate Immunity – Non Specific Defenses • 2nd lines of defense – Only activated if the 1st line fails • Phagocytes – Phagocytic WBC’s – Attach to microbes (pathogens) ingest them lysosome destroys them • Nitric oxide and lysozyme in lysosomes • Tuberculosis is resistant to lysosome destruction – Neutrophils • Engulf pathogens traveling in the blood and self destruct killing the pathogen – Macrophages (monocytes) • Reside in tissues and organs and attack pathogens that enter or begin to infect – Dendritic cells • Attack like macrophages and stimulate acquired immunity (3rd line of defense) – lymphocytes 176 • IQ 43.1 Innate Immunity – Non Specific Defenses • Antimicrobial proteins – impede pathogen reproduction – Complement system • Lyses microbes and triggers inflammation (inflammatory response) – Interferon • Inhibit viral reproduction • Natural Killer Cells – Attack virus infected body cells and cancer cells apoptosis • Programmed cell death • Fever – Stimulate WBC production and tissue repair Blood clot Pin Pathogen Macrophage Chemical signals Phagocytic cells Capillary Blood clotting elements Phagocytosis Red blood cell 1 Chemical signals released by activated macrophages and mast cells at the injury site cause nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable. 2 Fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site. Clotting begins. 3 Chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site. 4 Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site, and the tissue heals. Innate Immunity – Non Specific Defenses • Inflammatory Response – 1. Skin is punctured and pathogens enter – 2. Mast cells in connective tissue release histamine increasing permeability and dilation of capillaries to injured site – 3. WBC’s and blood clotting factors move from the blood to the infection – 4. Clot forms a scab – 5. Neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogens – 6. WBC’s release chemokines which attract more phagocytes to attack the pathogen • Positive feedback – 7. Redness, swelling, and soreness are side effects Warm Up: • Have Pogil ready to be checked Antigen Binding to an Antibody Specific Immune Response (3rd line of defense) Antibody has a specific binding Site to bind antigen Antigen Binding to an Antibody • s Acquired Immunity – Specific Defense - 185 • 3rd line of defense • Lymphocytes Bone marrow Lymphoid stem cell Thymus – Humoral Immune Response • B-Cells Antibodies • Made and matured in bone marrow – Cell Mediated Immune Response • T- Cells attack infected body cells • Made in bone marrow and matured in the thymus T cell B cell Blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, and others) Cell-mediated immune response Humoral immune response First exposure to antigen Intact antigens Antigens engulfed and displayed by dendritic cells Antigens displayed by infected cells Activate Activate Activate Secreted cytokines activate B cell Helper T cell Gives rise to Plasma cells Memory B cells Secrete antibodies that defend against pathogens and toxins in extracellular fluid Cytotoxic T cell Gives rise to Gives rise to Active and memory helper T cells Memory cytotoxic T cells Active cytotoxic T cells Defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues Triggering a lymphocyte response • • • • Humoral Response – B-Cell B-Cells are also activated by intact antigens on pathogens B-Cells give rise to Plasma cells and Memory Cells Plasma Cells make antibodies to trap pathogens and mark them for destruction Memory cells “remember” antigens so antibodies can be made quickly upon second exposure. Cell Mediated Response – T-Cell • Cytotoxic T-Cells are also activated by antigens displayed on infected body cells – Antigen displayed in Class I MHC • Cytotoxic T-Cells give rise to Active Cytotoxic T-Cells and Memory Cytotoxic T-Cells • Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected body cells, cancer cells, and transplant tissues • Memory Cytotoxoic T-Cell “remember” the antigen so infected cells can be killed quickly upon second exposure. Blood Groups Antibodies Produced Blood Type Antigen(s) • A • A antigens • Anti - B • A and O Blood • B • B antigens • Anti - A • B and O Blood • AB • A and B antigens • NONE • A, B, AB, and O Blood • O • NONE Can Receive – Universal recipient • Anti – A and • O only Anti - B – Universal donor Rhesus Factor and Blood • Rh factor – blood antigen • Can be problematic in pregnancy if the mom is Rh(lacks the antigen) and the baby is Rh+ (has the antigen) • If blood mixes during delivery mom will produce antibodies for the Rh antigen • If mom has a 2nd child that is Rh+ her antibodies will attack the fetus during late pregnancy and child birth – Mom is injected with anti-Rh antibodies to prevent this Transplants • No two people except identical twins have identical MHC molecules – % matches are made in a transplant to minimize rejection – Transplant recipients take medicine to suppress the immune response to the transplant • Leaves the recipient susceptible to other infections • Bone Marrow Transplant – Graft vs. Host – Graft is bone marrow – unless matched carefully could cause the new blood cells produced in the bone marrow to reject the host Autoimmune Diseases • Immune system does not recognize body cells as self and creates antibodies against them • Lupus – attack histones and DNA • Arthritis – attack cartilage and joints • Insulin dependent Diabetes – attack beta cells of the pancreas which secretes insulin • Multiple Sclerosis – attacks myelin sheath on neurons AIDS • People with AIDS are susceptible to opportunistic infections that the immune system cannot fight off. • HIV (RNA Virus) AIDS • Retrovirus – uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase • HIV invades and destroys Helper T-Cells impairing both the Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses • Summarize the immune system in a page. Use all key terms and explain the difference between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd line of defense. Underline key terms and use pogil to help guide your writing. Also, use a review book if needed. • Explain why blood types produce antibodies for the opposing blood type. Explain why a person with AB blood doesn’t produce antibodies.