Download Final Exam 2nd Semester Study Guide

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Hour: _____________
Biology Semester 2 Exam - Review Guide
Mitosis and Cell Differentiation:
Cell Cycle
1.
What are the two different stages in a c​
ell’s​
life cycle?
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
2. 90 percent of the cell’s life is spent in which stage: ___________________________
3. What are two things that occur in interphase?
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
4. 10 percent of the cell’s life is spent in which stage? _________________________________
5. List three reasons why a cell would go through mitosis.
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
6. Why does DNA replicate before Mitosis takes place?
7. D​
raw ​
the process of mitosis (Check your google slide presentation).
Make sure to label the following parts in your drawings:​
​
parent cell, daughter cells, nucleus
and chromosomes.
1 4-3-2-1
8. Make 4 observations about this graph.
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●
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9. Ask 3 Level 2 or Level 3 questions about this graph?
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10. Make 2 Analysis statements about the trends you see on this graph.
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11. Make 1 Summary Statement about the information in this graph. (This should be a general
statement.)
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Cell Differentiation / Gene Expression:
1.
Color code​
the gene expression chart as follows:
ORANGE ​
= expressed in both cell types
BLUE ​
= expressed only in one cell type
BROWN ​
= permanently repressed
Genes Expressed in Two Types of Human Cells
White Blood Cell
Red Blood Cell
Antibody
(helps fight off infections)
+
-
Cellular Respiration Enzyme
(makes ATP/energy for the cell)
+
+
Lactase
(breaks down lactose/sugar found in
dairy)
-
-
Hemoglobin
(carries oxygen to cells)
-
+
Key: (+) = active gene (-) = repressed gene
2. Using the chart above, ​
color code​
each cell type as follows:
ORANGE ​
= expressed in both cell types
BLUE ​
= expressed only in one cell type
BROWN ​
= permanently repressed
WHITE BLOOD CELL
​
Antibody
Cellular Respiration 9
Lactase
RED BLOOD CELL
​
Antibody
Cellular Respiration 9
Lactase
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
3. Circle the affected gene and result for each event in the W
​HITE BLOOD CELL​
.
Cellular Event
You just babysat three sick children. During that
time, your body was introduced to a virus. To
defend this, your body needs to make antibodies.
Affected gene
(Circle one)
Result - What happens to the gene in
the white blood cell? ​
(Circle one)
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Temporarily
Hemoglobin
All cells need energy. You need to increase the
production of the enzyme responsible for cellular
respiration.
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
You just drank a large glass of milk. The lactase
enzyme will need to be activated to help digest the
milk sugar, lactose.
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
Your body is healthy and does not need to produce
antibodies.
Temporarily Repressed
Temporarily Repressed
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
Temporarily Repressed
4. Circle the affected gene and result for each event in the R
​ED BLOOD CELL​
.
Cellular Event
You just babysat three sick children. During that
time, your body was introduced to a virus. To
defend this, your body needs to make antibodies.
Affected gene
(Circle one)
Result - What happens to the gene in
the red blood cell? ​
(Circle one)
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
All cells need energy. You need to increase the
production of the enzyme responsible for cellular
respiration.
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
A new red blood cell needs to make hemoglobin to
carry oxygen to cells.
Temporarily Repressed
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
The red blood cell has enough hemoglobin.
Temporarily Repressed
Temporarily Repressed
Antibody
Permanently repressed
Cellular Respiration
Expressed
Lactase
Hemoglobin
Temporarily Repressed
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5. Do all cells (with the exception of the sex cells) have the same amount of chromosomes and genes?
Explain.
6.
If all cells contain the same DNA, then why do different cells (red blood cells, nerve cells, etc.)
express different genes?
**Use vocab words (cell differentiation, gene expression, etc.)**
7. Where do the instructions to make proteins come from?
8. Explain the following statement: “Proteins bring DNA to life.”
**Use at least 4 of the following words - gene expression, permanently repressed, temporarily
repressed, transcription, translation, protein synthesis**
Meiosis:
1.
What types of cells undergo ​
mitosis?​
a. What is the purpose of ​
mitosis​
?
b. What is the result of m
​itosis​
?
c. If a mutation occurs during ​
mitosis​
, what effect would it have on future generations?
2. What types of cells undergo ​
meiosis​
?
a. What is the purpose of ​
meiosis​
?
b. What is the result of m
​eiosis​
?
5
c. If a mutation occurs during ​
meiosis​
, what effect would it have on future generations?
3. What are the differences (there are many) between mitosis and meiosis?
(# of cells, # of chromosomes, types of cells, # of divisions, result, etc.)
Mitosis
Meiosis
Genetic Variation:
4. How does meiosis lead to genetic variation in offspring?
5. Explain and draw an illustration for the mechanisms of genetic variation:
a. Crossing over:
b. Random Fertilization:
c. Independent Assortment:
6. Define mutation.
a.
How do mutations happen?
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b. What is the difference between mutations that happen in somatic cells vs. gametes?
Genetics:
1.
What are homologous chromosomes?
a. Example:
2. What is a phenotype?
a. Example:
3.
What is a genotype?
a. Example
4.
What is heterozygous?
a. Example:
5.
What is homozygous dominant?
a. Example:
6. W
​ hat is homozygous recessive?
a. Example:
7. How many alleles of a trait do you receive from each of your parents?
8. Why do recessive traits skip generations?
9. Which trait is always visible, dominant or recessive?
10. How many ​
pairs​
of chromosomes do humans have?
a. How many total chromosomes do humans have?
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Monohybrid Crosses:​Complete the following crosses and answer the corresponding questions.
11. Cross a heterozygous red apple (dominant) with a homozygous recessive green apple:
(R = red, r=green)
a.​​
Genotypes of parents: __________ and _______
b.​
Phenotypes of parents: _____ and _____
​
c.​​
Possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes:
d.​​
Genotypic ratio:
e.​​
Phenotypic ratio:
12. If I cross a homozygous red flower with a homozygous blue flower, how many
blue flowers will I get? Red = dominant, blue = recessive (No blending)
Explain your answer…
13. Ted is albino, which is a recessive trait. If he marries a homozygous normal wife…
a. Genotypes of parents: ___________ and ___________
b. Phenotypes of parents: ___________ and ___________
c. What are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the possible offspring?
d. What is the ratio of normal to albino children they may have?
14. Joe and Tiffany are having a baby. Joe happens to be colorblind and does not want to have any
daughters who are colorblind like him! Tiffany’s dad happens to be colorblind, but neither she nor
any siblings are colorblind which makes her a ​
carrier.​Help Joe to explain to Tiffany what the
probability of having colorblind daughters is. (The allele for color blindness is located on the X
chromosome.)
a. Genotypes of parents: ___________ and ___________
b. Phenotypes of parents: ___________ and ___________
c. What are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the possible offspring?
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Pedigrees: Use the pedigrees below to answer the following questions.
15. Generation III individuals 2 and 3 had four kids in the following order; boy, boy, boy, and boy.
a. Pedigree A
b. Pedigree B
c. Pedigree C
d. Pedigree D
16. Generation II individuals 4 and 5 had three daughters.
a. Pedigree A
b. Pedigree B
c. Pedigree C
d. Pedigree D
17. Generation III individuals 2 and 3 had two kids that were afflicted.
a. Pedigree A
b. Pedigree B
c. Pedigree C
d. Pedigree D
18. Generation II individuals 1 and 2 had a daughter and son.
a. Pedigree A
b. Pedigree B
c. Pedigree C
d. Pedigree D
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Pedigree #1 illustrates an inherited lung disease. Use the pedigree to answer the following questions.​
19. What type of inheritance pattern does the pedigree show: Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal
Recessive or Sex-linked?
a. Is this trait autosomal or sex-linked? How do you know? What pattern do you see to
support your claim?
b. Is this trait dominant or recessive? How do you know? What patterns do you see to support
this?
20. What is the genotype of the person labeled “​
1”? Make sure you include a key (L=?, l=?)
21. What is the genotype of the person labeled “​
4”?
22. List the individuals that would d
​efinitely​
be carriers for the inherited lung disease?
23. If the person labeled​
“2”​
and his wife had another child, what is the probability that child
have the inherited lung disease?
would
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Pedigree #2 illustrates an inherited brain disease. Use the pedigree to answer the following questions.
24. What type of inheritance pattern does the pedigree show: Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal
Recessive or Sex-linked?
a. Is this trait autosomal or sex-linked? How do you know? What pattern do you see to
support your claim?
b. Is this trait dominant or recessive? How do you know? What patterns do you see to support
this?
25. What is the genotype for the person labeled “​
b”​
? Make sure you include a key!
26. What is the genotype for the person labeled “​
c”?
27. List the individuals that are ​
definitely​
carriers of the inherited brain disease?
28. If ​
person “d”​
marries an unaffected male, what is the probability they will have a child with the brain
disease?
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29. Make ​
your own! ​
Using the family below, create a pedigree that illustrates the inheritance of
Baldness ​
(a sex-linked trait)​
.
● Number the Generations and the Individuals
○ Generation 1: Dan married to Megan
○ Generation 2: Katie (daughter to Dan and Megan), Joel (son to Dan and Megan),
Janelle (daughter to Dan and Megan), Matt married to Janelle.
○ Generation 3: Derek, Ryan, and Jason (sons of Janelle and Matt)
Classification:
1.
Explain how scientific names should be written and why scientists use them.
2. How does the process of classification show diversity and unity?
3. How do scientists classify organisms today (how has classification changed with the development of
technology)?
4. What system did Linnaeus design to classify organisms?
a. What is the order of the taxon?
b. Which Taxon is the most diverse? Why?
c. Which taxon is the least diverse? Why?
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Evolution:
1.
Explain what adaptations are and give an example of the three types.
2. Explain ​
Charles Darwin’s​
ideas of evolution. Be sure to understand the difference between the
terms ​
inherited and acquired​
.
3.
Explain how natural selection results in characteristics most favorable to survival. Use the terms
competition, adaptation, fitness, and variation​
in your description.
4. How does mutation result in a new adaptation? Meaning, how does a new trait arise in a population?
Hint: Think stressor
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5. Fill out the following chart with the information that scientists use to provide as EVIDENCE OF
EVOLUTION.
Area of
Evidence
Type of Evidence
Aging Fossils
Relative Dating:
Explain the method used to date:
·
Dating fossils based on their “____________”
position to each other in the ___________of the
earth.
What this evidence tells us about change over
time
·
Provides an ______________age of the
fossil
Drawing:
Morphological
Homologous Structures:
Define/Explain:
·
Same __________________ different
________________________
·
Organisms that share the same
____________ must have had a _________
__________
·
Stressors in the environment have selected
for the ____________ of the structure causing
it to change over time
Vestigial Structures
Define/Explain:
____________ that are present but _____
____________have a use.
·
Organisms that share the same
________________ must have had a common
ancestor
·
Stressors in the environment no longer
affect this structure; resulting in its
____________ over time
Embryology:
Explain:
When comparing embryo stages they look very
____________in the early stages of development
and then ____________ in later stages
Drawing:
Genetic
Information
(DNA)
Genetic Material:
Explain:
·
________ is the instructions for life in an
organism
·
Scientists compare how similar ______
____________ are between organisms
·
Embryos that look the same in
_____________of development must have had
a common _______________
·
____________ look different in later
stages of development because different species
will be born into different environments with
different ____________driving change over
time.
·
The more similar the DNA is between
organisms the closer they will be related
·
DNA ____________can be
____________ to the organism to overcome
the stressors in the environment (Winners)
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Cladogram
6. Which organism is most related to the leopard?__________________
a. Why?
7. What 4 traits do these two organisms share?
a.
b.
c.
d.
8. Which organism will have DNA most similar to the turtle?______________________________
a. Why?
9. Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the leopard? __________________________
a. Why?
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Evolutionary (Phylogenetic) Tree
11. Which organism is most closely related to H. sapiens? Why?
12. What two traits do H. sapiens and A. afarensis share?
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
13. What trait separates the chimp from the other organisms in this tree?
14. Which organism would have the most similar DNA to H. neanderthalensis? Why?
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15. Be familiar with the following terms. Make sure you understand these terms and are able to use
them scientifically in a sentence.
Evolution Term
Definition
Picture Representation
Used in a Sentence
1.​ ​
Evolution
2.​ ​
Natural Selection
3.​ ​
Variation
4.​ ​
Mutation
5.​ ​
Stressor
6.​ ​
Adaptation
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Rat Dissection:
1.
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Label the following internal structures in the diagram below:
Trachea
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Heart (Bonus: Aorta)
Lungs
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Spleen
Rectum
Anus
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