Download monosaccharides

Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids

all are built from C, H, and O
 atoms are in different ratios

2. Each biological molecule is a polymer
made of repeating subunits called
monomers
3. These subunits link in dehydration
synthesis reactions a.k.a. condensation
4. The other product is always water
The next slide is not in your notes. It is an
overview of the four biological molecules
that we will be discussing. Read through
the information.
Notice how each biological molecule has specific
monomers that link to build larger polymers.
Biological
Molecule
Description
Monomer(s)
Exps. Of polymers
Carbohydrates
(sugars)
C, H, O in a 1:2:1
ratio in monomers
Monosaccharide – Starch, glycogen,
glucose is the most cellulose, chitin
common
Lipids
(fats and oils)
Lots of C-H bonds,
fewer O;
NONPOLAR
Often glycerol and Phospholipids,
fatty acids (but
mono-, di- and
not always)
triglycerides,
waxes, steroids
Proteins
C, H, O, and N; N
in amino groups of
monomers
Amino acids
Enzymes, structural
proteins
Nucleic acids
C, H, O, N, P
Monomers have 3
parts:
1. Deoxyribose or
ribose
2. Phosphate
group
3. Nitrogenous
base
Nucleotides
DNA
RNA (messenger
RNA, ribosomal
RNA, transfer RNA)
Elements
C, H, O
Ratio of elements
1C : 2H: 1O
Monomers
Monosaccharides
Polymers
Polysaccharides
Also disaccharides
Bonds joining monomers are
called…
Glycosidic
Main functions
Quick energy, energy storage,
structure
Important fact(s)
•Names often end in –ose
•Ratio of H:O is same as in water
so carbohydrate refers to carbon
and “water” meaning 2:1 H:O
ratio

monomers of carbohydrates =
monosaccharides or simple sugars
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a ratio of 1:2:1
 There are different type of
monosaccharides. They join to form
disaccharides or polysaccharides.


common monosaccharides:
› glucose
› fructose
› galactose
› deoxyribose
› ribose
We’ll go through each of these in your notes.

Glucose
› Quick energy source for
cells
 Cells use glucose 1st to
make ATP!
› made in plants during
photosynthesis
› most common monomer
(links to form carb
polymers)

Fructose
› sugar found in
plants
› sweet

Ribose
› C5H10O5
› found in ribonucleic
acid (RNA)

Deoxyribose
› same as ribose
See the difference? It’s
right here!
except missing an
oxygen
› found in DNA

Galactose
› Structurally similar
to glucose
Gives the simplest whole number ratio of
elements in a compound
 For monosaccharides:

› (CH2O)n where n can vary
› Exp. (CH2O)6 can also be written as C6H12O6

compounds with a single chemical
formula but different structures

Exps: glucose, fructose, and galactose
are isomers! Why?
› all have the same formula C6H12O6
› all have different structures that determine
properties
Same chemical
formula (number
and type of atoms)
 Different structural
formulas
(arrangement of
atoms in space)

DISACCHARIDES (double sugars) are
made when 2 monosaccharides are
joined together by a condensation
reaction or dehydration synthesis
reaction. The disaccharide is a product
of this reaction along with H2O – always!
 Water is considered the secondary
product.

› Sucrose
 table sugar
 glucose + fructose
› Lactose
 milk sugar
 glucose + galactose
› Maltose
 malt (grain) sugar
 glucose + glucose

POLYSACCHARIDES are complex carbs
made of many monosaccharides that are
joined in condensation reactions or
dehydration synthesis. The second product
in these reactions is always H2O.

The most common monomer = glucose.

Examples of polysaccharides:
› Glycogen, Chitin (animals)
› Starch, Cellulose (plants
Hundreds of highly
branched chains of
glucose monomers
 Intermediate energy
source for animals
 Stored in liver and
muscles
 Liver converts it to
glucose through
hydrolysis when quick
energy is needed


2 forms:
› Amylose – spiral
chain of glucoses
› Amylopectin branching chain of
glucose monomers
– not as branched
as glycogen!
Plant storage molecule--energy reserve
 Starch is stored in plant roots

› Potatoes are “starchy” veggies!



Thousands of glucose
monomers in long straight
chains
Chains laid side by side
and connected to each
other by hydrogen bonds
Structural carbohydrate-does not provide energy
› gives cells strength and
rigidity


Also called “fiber”
Most abundant carb on
Earth!
difficult to break down
 found in cotton and linen
 animals cannot digest it!


H bonding occurs between hydroxyls on
adjacent chains
Second most abundant polysaccharide
 Chemically similar to cellulose but has N
 Structural carb - found in shells of insects

› Very firm
› Helps protect against harm and pressure
› Must be shed for insect to grow

Subject of medical research – accelerates
skin healing; used to treat burns