Download Unit #6 Outline

Unit #6 Outline
Chapter 24: Communicable Disease
I. What Are Communicable Disease?
A disease spread from one living thing to another or through the environment
A. Causes-Pathogen- an organism that causes disease Infection- occurs when a
pathogen enters the body, multiplies and damages body cells
1. Viruses- pieces of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
a. need living cells to reproduce
b. antibiotics do not work
c. usually runs its course, antibodies remain to fight recurrence
d. sometimes incurable
e. examples: common cold, influenza, chicken pox,
AIDS, herpes, measles, viral pneumonia, HPV,
mononucleosis
2. Bacteria- single-celled microorganisms that live everywhere on earth
a. most harmless, in fact helpful in your digestive
b. some produce toxins- a substance that kills cells or interferes with
their function, poisons
c. can be treated with __________, most killed by immune system
d. examples: strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, foodborne illness,
bacterial meningitis, and pinkeye
3. Fungi- plantlike organisms, mold, yeasts
a. examples- athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infection
b. can be treated by anti-fungal products
4. Protozoan- single-celled organisms
a. malaria, amoebic dysentery, sleeping sickness
b. often transmitted by vectors
5. Rickettsias- resemble bacteria-multiply like viruses- invading cells
a. often transmitted by insect such as fleas or lice
b. Rocky Mountain _____________, typhus
B. Transmission methods
1. Direct contact- touching, biting, kissing, sex, sneezing and coughing,
Mother to baby
2. Indirect Contact- c
a. contaminated objects- door knobs, tables, desks
b. vectors- an organism, such as a tick, or mosquito that carries and
transmits it to humans or other animals
c. water and food- ______________ illness-bacteria from undercooked
meat, food contaminated with animal or human feces
3. Airborne- pathogens may float in the air for a long time after a sneeze
or cough
C. Prevention
1. Wash Hands
2. Handle food properly- separate raw meat from other foods, refrigerate food
quickly after the meal, microwave sponges and wash dish towels after each use
3. Avoid sharing eating utensils, make-up, brushes, etc.
4. Vaccinations
5. Abstinence
6. Stay away from sick people
II. Immune System- a network of cells, tissues, organs and chemicals that fights
off pathogens
A. Inflammatory ___________-reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or
infection
1. Phagocyte- a white blood cell that attacks invading pathogens
a. pus- dead white blood cells that collect at the inflammation site
b. selling and pain associated with inflammatory response
B. Specific Defense- reaction to invasion of pathogens the immune system has
dealt with before
1. Antigen- a substance capable of triggering an immune response
2. Macrophages- phagocyte that destroys the pathogen by making
antigens recognizable to the white blood cells
3. Immunity (the state of being protected against a particular disease) is
the result of specific defense
4. Lymphocyte- a specialized white blood cell that coordinates and
performs many of the functions of specific immunity
a. Helper T cells- trigger B cells and killer T cells
b. Killer T cells- attack and destroy infected cells, not pathogens,
but the cells
c. suppressor T-cells- coordinate the activities of the other t-cells
d. B cells- produce antibodies- a protein that acts against a
specific antigen
5. Active Immunity- either natural- by catching the disease or artificially by
taking a vaccine (a preparation of dead or weakened virus that are given to
trigger an immune response)
a. causes body to produce antibodies, sometimes lasts a lifetime
b. Live virus vaccines- measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox
c. Killed virus- hepatitis A, rabies, flu, polio
D. toxoids- inactivated ___________- tetanus, diphtheria
6. Passive Immunity- receiving antibodies from another person or animal.
A. often short-lived- mother to child breast milk
B. from an animal or person that is immune (“Outbreak”)
III. Common Communicable Diseases
A. Respiratory Infections- most common- caused by bacteria or viruses
1. Common cold- incurable, but treatable, viral
2. Influenza- flu- viral- airborne transmission, top ten cause of death
3. Pneumonia- infection of the lungs in which the air sacs, or _______ fill
with pus and fluid- viral or bacterial, top ten cause of death
4. Strep throat-bacterial- antibiotics can cure
5. Tuberculosis-bacterial, attacks lungs,
B. Hepatitis- liver inflammation caused by drugs, alcohol, chemicals and
pathogens- causes jaundice- yellowing skin and eyes, no cure
1. Hepatitis A- spread through contact with feces of infected person,
through food, direct or indirect contact- can recover
2. Hepatitis B- more serious than A, sexually transmitted, or through direct
contact through shared needles, severe liver damage- Vaccine
3. Hepatitis C- most common chronic blood borne infection, direct
contact, shared needles, sexual transmission- no cure
C. Mononucleosis-viral, spleen problems, rest
D. Measles- viral- vaccine,
E. Encephalitis- Viral brain infection-mosquitoes, paralysis,
F. Meningitis- inflammation of brain membranes- viral or bacterial, stiff neck,
severe headache
G. Emerging Infections- incidence in humans has __________ within the past two
years or threatens to increase in the future
1. Aids
2. Lyme disease
3. Avian bird flu
4. Contributing factors
A. travel across borders- humans and animals
B. population movement- wooded areas- Lyme disease
C. resistance to antibiotics
D. changes in food technology-mass production-e coli increased
E. Bioterrorism- possible spread of smallpox, anthrax
Chapter 26: Non-Communicable Diseases
A non-communicable disease is a disease that is not transmitted by another entity.
I. Cardiovascular Diseases- a disease that affects the heart or blood vessels) #1 killer
A. Hypertension- high blood pressure
1. Continual high pressure on the blood vessels can cause major damage
2. 23% of adults 20-74 have hypertension
3. Silent killer- often no symptoms
4. Medication, weight loss, exercise, proper nutrition help keep
pressure low.
B. Atherosclerosis- the process in which plaques accumulate on the artery walls
1. Inner lining of vessel walls thicken and lose elasticity
2. Become clogged leading to blood clots, heart attack and stroke
C. Angina Pectoris-chest pain when the heart does not have enough oxygen
1. Usually not fatal, but an indication of atherosclerosis
2. Can be treated with medication
D. Arrhythmias- irregular heartbeats
1. Common2. Ventricular fibrillation can cause cardiac arrest
3. Electrical impulses become rapid or irregular
E. Heart Attack
1. Over 1 million a year
2. 40% die
3. Sudden intense chest and shoulder pain
F. Congestive Heart Failure
1. Gradual weakening of the heart so that it does not pump enough blood
2. Medication can help control along with diet and exercise
G. Stroke
1. Arterial blockage in the brain- heart attack in the brain
2. Cerebral hemorrhage - blood vessel bursts in brain
H. Risk Factors
1. Tobacco
2. High blood pressure
3. High cholesterol- from high fat foods
4. Physical inactivity
5. Excess weight
6. Stress
7. Drug & alcohol use
8. Heredity- cannot be controlled
9. Age- cannot be controlled
10. Gender- men higher chance-cannot be controlled
I. Tests
1. EKG- electrocardiogram- detects electrical activity of heart
2. MRI- magnetic resonance imaging- can identity heart damage & defects
3. Angiography- a thin tube guided through the vessels with a dye
J. Treatment
1. Coronary bypass- using a vein from another body part to go around a
blockage in the heart.
2. Angioplasty- a tube with a balloon to open a blocked artery, a shunt may be
inserted to keep the artery opened
3. Medication- anti clotting
4. Pacemaker- to regulate irregular heartbeat with electrical impulses
II. Cancer- uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells
A. Tumor-abnormal mass of tissues
1. Benign- non-cancerous
2. Malignant- cancerous
3. Metastasis- the spread of cancer from the point of origin to other parts of the
body
B. Types
1. Lymphomas-immune system cancers
2. Leukemias- blood cancers
3. Carcinomas- cancers of the glands and body linings (skin & digestive)
4. Sarcomas- cancers of connective tissue- bones, ligaments, muscles
C. Risk Factors
1. Exposure to carcinogens- tobacco smoke, pesticides, ultraviolet light
2. Tobacco major cause of cancer deaths
3. STDs
4. High fat diets/ not enough fiber
5. Radiation exposure- sun skin cancer most common cancer
D. Reduce Risks
1. Avoid tobacco, alcohol, too much sun (use sunscreen)
2. Physically active / good diet
3. Recognize warning signs
4. Abstinence from sexual activity
E. Detection & treatment
1. Self-examination of breasts/testes
2. Biopsy- removal of tissue for examination
3. Surgery- to remove tumor
4. Radiation therapy- hit cancer cells
5. Chemotherapy- chemicals used to destroy cancer cells
6. Immunotherapy- activate immune system to destroy cells
7. Hormone therapy- use of hormones to sloe growth
8. Remission- a period of time when symptoms disappear
III. Allergies, Asthma, Diabetes and Arthritis
A. Allergies-a specific reaction to a foreign substance
1. Dust, molds, foods, insect venom and medicines
2. Histamines-chemicals that release mucus and fluid production in reaction to
an allergen
3. Hives, rash, sneezing, itching, watery eyes are symptoms
4. Use scratch test to diagnose, look for inflammatory response
5. Treatment- avoid allergen, antihistamine medicine, immunotherapy- allergy
shots
B. Asthma- inflammatory condition in which the small airways in the lungs become
narrowed causing difficulty in breathing
1. 17 million have asthma, 5,000 die a year
2. 1/3 under the age of 18
3. Respiratory passages narrow due to triggers, makes it difficult to breathe
4. Managing asthmaa. monitor- recognize warning signs-chest tightness, wheezing
b. manage environment- stay away from tobacco smoke, vacuum and
dust frequently
c. manage stress
d. take medication- inhalers- bronchodilator
C. Diabetes- chronic disease that affects the way body cells convert food to energy
1. Type 1
a. body does not produce insulin, glucose builds in blood and
starves cells of energy
b. cause not clear- childhood diabetes- need daily doses of insulin
c. autoimmune disease-immune system mistakenly attacks itself
d. 5- 10% of all diabetes
2. Type 2
a. 90-95% of all diabetes cases
b. most often appears after age 40, but becoming more prevalent,
even in children
c. The body is unable to make enough insulin or to use it properly
d. nearing epidemic proportions
e. Causes
1. Obesity
2. Inactivity
3. High cholesterol, high fat diet
f. Treatment can usually be diet regulated, must monitor bloodsugar levels
D. Arthritis-a group of more than 100 different diseases that cause pain and loss of
movement in the joints
1. Osteoarthritis- disease of the joints when cartilage breaks down
a. affects mostly knees, hips
b. bone on bone cause spurs and spikes and pain
c. affects 20 million in US
d. control weight, prevent sports injuries, protect against Lyme
disease
2. Rheumatoid- a disease characterized by the debilitating destruction of the
joints due to inflammation
a. caused by autoimmune disease- no cure
b. eventually causes joint deformity
c. symptoms are symmetrical- same on each side of the body
d. medication can control, along with diet and exercise
IV. Physical and Mental Challenges- disability-any physical or mental impairment that limits
normal activities, including seeing, hearing, walking or speaking
1. Physical
A. sight- moderate-5 million US, 1.3 legally blind, leading cause is
the result of diabetes
1. Macular degeneration-retina degenerates
2. Glaucoma- pressure on eye damaging optic nerve
3. Cataracts- clouding of the lens
B. Hearing- 20 million hearing impaired
1. Profound deafness- hearing loss so severe the person
cannot benefit from hearing aids
2. Causes- Heredity, injury, disease, obstructions,
environmental noise
3. Hearing aids and surgery can help repair
C. Motor- body’s range of motion and coordination are affected by
injury to the brain or a disorder of the nervous system
1. Physical therapy can help
2. Can be congenital-born with it, or an accident
3. Wheelchairs and prosthetics can help
2. Mental
A. Mental retardation- below average intelligence present from birth or
early childhood, associated with learning and social problems
1. Tay Sach’s, Fragile X and Down’s syndrome- genetic
disorders causing retardation
2. FAS- Fetal alcohol syndrome- mother drinks during
pregnancy
3. Injury, disease and brain abnormality other causes
4. Restricted oxygen supply during childbirth
5. Meningitis in older children can be a cause
3. Americans with Disabilities Act- a law prohibiting discrimination against
people with physical or mental abilities in the workplace,
transportation, public accommodations and telecommunication