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Transcript
Links to Learning Objectives OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 2) LO 5.8 Controlling behavior and resistance LO 5.9 Behavior modification DEFINITION OF LEARNING LO 5.1 Learning CLASSICAL CONDITIONING LO 5.2 Study of and important elements LO 5.3 Conditioned emotional response OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 1) LO 5.4 Operant, Skinner and Thorndike LO 5.5 Important concepts LO 5.6 Punishment problems LO 5.7 Reinforcement schedules COGNITIVE LEARNING LO 5.10 Latent learning, helplessness and insight OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING LO 5.11 Observational learning theory Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Operant Conditioning Operant Stimuli Behavior 5.8 How do operant stimuli control behavior? • Discriminative stimulus – cue to specific response for f reinforcement Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements 1 Biological Constraints • Instinctive drift – animal’s conditioned behavior reverts to genetic patterns – e.g., raccoon washing, pig rooting Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements ehavior modification Application of operant conditioning to effect change Behavior Modification 5.9 What is behavior modification? • Use of operant techniques to change behavior Tokens Time out Applied Behavior Analysis Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements 2 Shaping 1 Small steps Effective reinforcement Heavy early reinforcement 2 3 Reinforce less and less Incorporate Harder steps 4 5 Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Bio and Neurofeedback • Neurofeedback – modifying behavior via brainscanning and feedback about brain activity • Biofeedback – controlling involuntary responses (e.g., blood pressure) via biological feedback Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Cognitive Learning 3 Cognitive Learning Theory 5.10 How do latent learning, learned helplessness and insight relate to cognition? • Early days of learning – focus on behavior • 1950s and 1960s – increased focus on mental events (cognition) • Edward Tolman – early cognitive scientist Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Tolman’s Rats & Latent Learning 5.17 What was Tolman’s classic study on latent learning? Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Learned Helplessness • Learned helplessness tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures I know some people who live in a horrible situation but won’t leave. Is this the same thing? Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements 4 Insight: Rapid Perception of Relationships “Although Thorndike and other early learning theorists believed that animals could not demonstrate insight, Kohler’s work seems to demonstrate that insight requires a sudden “coming together” of all the elements of a problem in a kind of “aha” moment that is not predicted by traditional animal learning studies.” -Page 208 (Ciccarelli & White) Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Observational Learning bservational learning 5 Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment 5.21 What was Bandura’s classic Bobo doll study? • Two conditions – aggressive and non-aggressive model • viewers of aggression played more aggressively • model’s behavior imitated even in absence of reward Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Learning vs. Performance Learning can occur without performance Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Steps In Observational Learning To learn through observation, must first attend to model ATTENTION MEMORY IMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements 6 Steps In Observational Learning Learner must be able to retain what was observed ATTENTION MEMORY IMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Steps In Observational Learning Learner must be able to reproduce actions of model ATTENTION MEMORY IMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Steps In Observational Learning Learner must be motivated to reproduce observed behaviors ATTENTION MEMORY IMITATION MOTIVATION Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements 7
