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Transcript
Operant Conditioning Operant Stimuli and Stimulus Control LO 5.9 How Operant Stimuli Control Behavior AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning • Shaping: reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior – Successive approximation: small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Operant Stimuli and Stimulus Control LO 5.9 How Operant Stimuli Control Behavior AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning • Extinction occurs if the behavior (response) is not reinforced. • One way to deal with a child’s temper tantrum is to ignore it; lack of reinforcement for the tantrum behavior will eventually result in extinction • Operantly conditioned responses also can be generalized to stimuli that are only similar—not identical—to the original stimulus • Spontaneous recovery (reoccurrence of a onceextinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Behavior Resistant to Conditioning LO 5.9 How Operant Stimuli Control Behavior AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning • Instinctive drift: tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns – Each animal comes into the world (and the laboratory) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place – These instincts differ from species to species – There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of conditioning Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Behavior Resistant to Conditioning LO 5.9 How Operant Stimuli Control Behavior AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning • Raccoons commonly dunk their food in and out of water before eating. This “washing” behavior is controlled by instinct, and is difficult to change even using operant techniques. Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements ehavior modification Application of operant conditioning to effect change Behavior Modification AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning How Behavior Modification Can Help with Behavioral Problems LO 5.10 Behavior Modification • Behavior modification: use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior • Token economy: type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens • Time-out • Applied behavior analysis Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Behavior Modification LO 5.10 Behavior Modification AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning How Behavior Modification Can Help with Behavioral Problems • Time-out: form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others – essentially, the organism is being “removed” from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Behavior Modification AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning How Behavior Modification Can Help with Behavioral Problems LO 5.10 Behavior Modification • Applied behavior analysis (ABA): modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Biofeedback and Neurofeedback AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning How Behavior Modification Can Help with Behavioral Problems LO 5.10 Behavior Modification • Biofeedback: use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control • Neurofeedback: form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Cognitive Learning Cognitive Learning Theory AP: Identify Key Contributors Insight Learning, Latent Learning, and Social Learning LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory • Early days of learning – focus on behavior – Watson, Skinner, etc. • 1950s and 1960s – increased focus on mental events (cognition) • Edward Tolman – early cognitive scientist Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Latent Learning AP: Identify Key Contributors Insight Learning, Latent Learning, and Social Learning LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory • Edward Tolman’s Maze Experiment – Group 1 • rewarded each time at end of maze • learned maze quickly – Group 2 • in maze every day; only rewarded on 10th day • demonstrated learning of maze almost immediately after receiving reward – Group 3 • never rewarded • did not learn maze well Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Latent Learning AP: Identify Key Contributors Insight Learning, Latent Learning, and Social Learning LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory • Latent learning: learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Learned Helplessness AP: Identify Key Contributors Apply Learning Principles to Explain Learned Helplessness LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory • Learned helplessnesstendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures I know some people who live in a horrible situation but won’t leave. Is this the same thing? Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Learned Helplessness: Seligman LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory AP: Identify Key Contributors Apply Learning Principles to Explain Learned Helplessness • Martin Seligman • Positive psychology: new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Insight - Kohler AP: Identify Key Contributors Insight Learning, Latent Learning, and Social Learning LO 5.11 Cognitive Learning Theory • Insight: the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly – cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone – “Aha” moment – Wolfgang Köhler Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Observational Learning bservational learning Observational Learning: Bandura LO 5.12 Observational Learning AP: Principles of Conditioning and Learning/Identify Key Contributors • Observational learning: learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior – Albert Bandura • Learning/performance distinction: learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Observational Learning: Basic Processes • Albert Bandura – Observational learning conditioning occurs by an organism watching another organism - modeling • 4 key processes – attention – retention – reproduction – motivation Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Bobo Doll Study • Conclusion: – Demonstrated how specific behaviors- in this case, violent ones- could be learned through observation without reinforcements Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements Real-World Example LO 5.13 Real-World Example of the Use of Conditioning AP: Predict the Effects of Operant Conditioning • Training a cat to use the toilet will involve: – shaping – preparing “the training arena” – positive reinforcement on a variable schedule Learning Classical Emotions Operant Reinforce Punish Control Modify Cognitive Helpless Insight Observe Schedules Elements
