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Theories of Personality Biological Psychoanalytic Social Psychoanalytic (NeoPsychoanalytic) Trait Cognitive Social-Learning Humanistic Biological Perspectives Theorists use biological processes in an attempt to fill in the gap between personality and genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching biological links with behavior. Biological Perspectives • Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925) proposed a correlation of mental disorder with the three body types: obese, muscular, thin. Biological Theories Evolutionary theory Biological processes Evolutionary perspective Personality are inherited from parent genes passing the inherited characteristics Biological Theories: Biological Process Biological processes is concerned with how these genes influence behavior through the various chemicals within the brain. Hormones & Personality Uses endocrine system, rather than brain processes, to explain personality. Neurotransmitters and Personality Examples of neurotransmitters that can influence personality includes Norepinephrine & serotonin Temperament: A biological influence Temperament: individual differences in (1) reactivity and (2) self-regulation have a long-lasting biological basis. “conscious becoming aware of the unconscious…” Psychoanalytic … Accepts the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. Important theorists…… Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Classic Theory: Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Basic tenets: Constant struggles between desire to meet biological urge and realities of living. Unconscious process influence behavior Sigmund Freud Father of the Psychoanalytic Theory Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856 Lived 78 years practicing in Vienna, Austria and established a private practice for the treatment of nervous disorders. What is Psychoanalytic Theory? Freud’s View of a Person Human organisms are selfish beings, existing in a state of external and internal turmoil. (displaying aggressive and sexual excesses) Dominated by forces outside of conscious control. Determinism vs Choice Biological determinism vs. Psychological determinism - Freud emphasized psychological rather than biological “consciousness knows nothing of. . . neurons.” Personality Structures What lies beneath the surface of the unconscious mind?? ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO Definition What is TRAIT? Traits serve three major functions: To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct Theorists Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998) Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997) Allport’s Disposition Theory Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits/personal dispositions ◦ Three categories of traits: Cardinal, Central, Secondary Cattell’s Trait Theory Three sources of data are required to uncover all the major dimensions of personality: L-data Q-data T-data Hans J. Eysenck Eysenck extroversion-introversion neuroticism-stability. Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:- Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits) Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits) Five Factor Model 1. Extraversion-introversion 2. Agreeableness-antagonism 3. Conscientiousness-undirectedness 4. Neuroticism-stability 5. Openness to experience Belief Regarding Basic Nature Resulting from a biological basis & neuro-psychological functioning within the environment. Moving away from Freud- Why? Rejected the idea that the adult personality is formed from experiences in the first 5 or 6 years of life Recognized social and cultural forces that shape individuals Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the role of social forces in shaping personality. Neo-Analytic Theorists Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Carl Jung (1875-1961) Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) Karen Horney (1885-1952) Alfred Adler Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911 Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges Carl Jung Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913 Basic disagreement over the importance of sex drive Tired of Freud’s concern with pathological side of human nature The Development of Personality No formal stages of development During childhood… And a second puberty… Individuation Meyers-Briggs type indicator Erik Homburger Erikson Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and superego with modifications Described identity as… Confusion about identity or Identity crisis Personality Development: Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. Inferiority identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego Integrity vs. Despair Karen Horney • Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic Theory 1941 – Could not accept some of Freud’s views concerning women – Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy – More focused on social world and social motivations than Freudians Assets of Neo-Analytic Theory Emphasizes the self cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside Emphasizes the importance of the positive and goal-oriented nature of humanity What is Behaviorism? Understand behavior by focusing on the external contingencies of reinforcement (any consequence of an action that increases the probability of that action being executed again) and punishment (any consequence of an action that decreases the probability of its repetition) The Basics of Behaviorism (con’t) • Pavlov- • “ Clasical conditioning • Thorndike • "Law Of Effect." • Skinner • "Operant Conditioning“ How can these rules of behavior, derived from the experiments with animals be applied to understanding human personality? Applying Behaviorism to Personality Skinner - most of human behavior is driven by secondary reinforcers, such as money & social praise, which derive their value from primary reinforcers. Does Behaviorism explain personality? HOW? Albert Bandura self- representations self-efficacy Social Cognitive Theory • Focus on • role of modeling on behavior as well as the role of social influences, expectations, and interpretations on behavior. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy – in personality development Can a person’s self-efficacy be changed? HOW? COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE • Cognitive theory focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors personality. George Kelly: Pioneer in 1930s • Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and behaviorism perspectives. individual differences as a result of how we interpret and predict the events that affect us. Thus, Kelly’s 3 big ideas: What we think determines what we do. Some properties of our thoughts. Techniques can help people change. Albert Ellis Ellis interpretation of cognitive model is often described as the A-B-C process. According to Ellis, we experience: Cognitive Social Learning Theory • Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel • cognitive factors determine how people will react to environmental forces. Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s CognitiveAffective Personality System • Mischel • Cognitive factors important in shaping personality. • How?????? • Also recognize inconsistency of some behaviors Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s CognitiveAffective Personality System • Inconsistency of some behaviors are due to: Consistency Paradox Person-Situation Interaction Humanistic Approach Humanistic personality theorists - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers - Rollo May Humanistic Approach It encompasses phenomenological and existential approaches to human nature. - Phenomenological- Existentialism - Abraham Maslow Maslow "hierarchy of needs,“ - a series of needs that people need to satisfy before they could reach their full potential. - emphasized on particular needs that people need to satisfy before they could become self-actualized. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological Carl Rogers • Influence of psychotherapy: • the purpose of psychotherapy was to help patients find their "true selves." • emphasizing on: Unconditional Positive Regard Conditional Positive Regard Rollo May • COURAGE TO BE! • each person need to take responsibility for his or her own choices even though constantly threatened by failure and, more importantly the possibility of nonbeing (death or dissolution). • personal growth and self-actualization the result of courageously facing one's anxiety