* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lecture 26
Survey
Document related concepts
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Job characteristic theory wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Social perception wikipedia , lookup
Organizational behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Eyeblink conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Social cognitive theory wikipedia , lookup
Psychophysics wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
LECTURE 26 Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior Robbins and Judge (2008): Organizational Behavior, Pearson, Prentice Hall Learning Objectives Ability and Dimensions of Ability Biographical Characteristics What is learning Learning Theories - Classical or respondent conditioning theory Operant or instrumental conditioning theory Social learning Theory Challenges and Opportunities for OB Globalization - Increased foreign assignments working with people form different cultures Coping with anti-capitalism backlash overseeing movement of jobs to low cost labour countries Managing people in crises places Managing work force diversity Total Quality Management Improving Customer Service Improving People Skills Information Technology & OB Stimulating Innovation and Change Coping with “Temporariness” Working in Networked Organizations Helping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts Creating a Positive Work Environment Improving Ethical Behavior Responding to coming labour shortages Empowering employees Ability: - Individuals are not equal in terms of their ability Everyone has strengths and weaknesses that make them to perform well in certain tasks and activities Managers has to identify abilities of employees to use of this knowledge to increase performance “An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.” Ability made up of two sets of factors: Intellectual Abilities Physical Abilities Intellectual Abilities: - Needed to perform mental activities for thinking reasoning, thinking and problem solving IQ test is used to measure intellectual abilities GMAT, SAT and GRE Dimensions of Intellectual Ability Dimensions of Intellectual Ability 1 Cognitive 2 Social 3 Emotional 4 Cultural Biographical Characteristics: Objective and easily obtained personal characteristics. Age • • • • • Older workers bring experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and commitment to quality. Older workers less adaptive to change Older workers less likely to quit job (turnover) and low absence rate (avoidable) General perception that productivity declines with age Age-Job satisfaction: In Professional jobs increase with age Biographical Characteristics: • Tenure – • • People having long job tenure are more productive, less absenteeism, lower turnover, and generally more satisfied. Religion – No general effect on performance – Do have affect on attitude towards different works National Culture: - Cultural differences do have affect on individual behavior and work related attitudes and behaviors. Learning • • • • “Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience According to the behaviorists, learning can be defined as “the relatively permanent change in behavior brought about as a result of experience or practice.” Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, or values through study, practice, or experience. Learning components: o It Involves Change o Is Relatively Permanent o Experience is required Learning Theories • According to the behaviorists, learning can be defined as “the relatively permanent change in behavior brought about as a result of experience or practice.” • Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, or values through study, practice, or experience. Classical Theories Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered and studied within the behaviorist tradition (hence the name classical) in early 1990s. • The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov • Theory proposes that learning that takes place when the learner recognizes the connection between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. Classical Conditioning Theory Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. He began to investigate this phenomena and established the laws of classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning: • A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. • Unconditioned Stimulus: Food • Unconditioned Response: Saliva • Conditioned Stimulus: Bell Classical Conditioning Theory • This involuntary behavior is elicited or caused by an environmental event. Classical Conditioning Theory: A stimulus will naturally (without learning) elicit or bring about a reflexive response Stimulus: • Unconditioned Stimulus: Anything that produces an unconditioned response. • Unconditioned response: The Reaction occurred due to the occurrence of UC stimulus. • Conditioned Stimulus: A neutral stimulus that, as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response. Classical Conditioning Theory The specific model for classical conditioning is: • Neutral Stimulus (NS) -- does not elicit the response of interest This stimulus (sometimes called an orienting stimulus as it elicits an orienting response) is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the unconditioned (or reflexive) Response. Classical Conditioning Theory • • The Neutral/Orienting Stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned/Natural Stimulus (US). Bell Was Conditioned with the presentation of food. Whenever the food was presented before that Pavlov rang bell. Classical Conditioning Theory The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is transformed into a • Conditioned Stimulus (CS). (Bell is transformed into a conditioned stimulus) • That is, when the CS is presented by itself, it elicits or causes the CR (which is the same involuntary response as the UR. (only at the bell dog salivated even without presenting food) Operant Conditioning Theory Operant conditioning is the study of the impact of consequences on behavior. Social Learning Theory Individuals learn by observing others what happens to other or by telling something or through direct experience Managerial Implications • Three Individual Variables: – – Ability • Influences level of performance • Managers need to focus on achieving job-ability fit means to consider ability in selection, promotion, and transfer decision. • Fine-tune job to better fit to incumbent’s abilities. Job redesign, change of equipment, reorganize task with group of people etc. Biographical Characteristics • – Manager should not use in management decisions: can possible be source of bias. Learning • Observable change in behavior = learning. • Remember positive reinforcement is powerful tool Source: Robbins and Judge (2008): Organizational Behavior, Pearson, Prentice Hall