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Chapter 8: Learning Learning - relatively ____________________ in an organism’s behavior due to experience We learn by association - Our minds naturally connect events that occur in _________________Associative Learning learning that ________________________ two stimuli: a ____________________ and its _______________________ Learning to associate two events Classical or __________________________ Conditioning We learn to associate two stimuli Operant Conditioning We learn to associate ___________________________________- Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Pavlov’s device for recording ____________________ organism comes to associate two stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus Behaviorism John B. Watson : viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon consensus today recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted by all schools of thought today Unconditioned Stimulus __________ stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response Unconditioned Response _________ unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth Conditioned Stimulus _________ originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response _______ learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Acquisition __________________________________- classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response in operant conditioning, the ___________________________ of a reinforced response diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization ____________________, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit _________________________- Discrimination in classical conditioning, the learned ability ___________________ between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is ____________________ if followed by reinforcement or _____________________ if followed by punishment Law of Effect ________________________________ that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Operant Behavior operates (acts) on ____________________ produces _________________________ Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology z Operant Chamber Skinner Box chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses z Operant Conditioning Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal z Operant Conditioning z Principles of Reinforcement Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer z Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction z Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay z Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability z Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near z Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz z Schedules of Reinforcement z Punishment Punishment aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted behavior z Punishment z Cognition and Operant Conditioning Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it Latent Learning z learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Latent Learning z Cognition and Operant Conditioning Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task Cognition and Operant Conditioning Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments z Operant vs Classical Conditioning z Observational Learning Observational Learning Modeling learning by observing others process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior z Observational Learning Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy