Download Biology: Unit 14 Directed Reading Guide

Name: ____________________________________________________________________________
____ Period
General Directions:
Date: ____________
Unit 14 Directed Reading Guide
Answer the questions below using corresponding sections in your textbook. Make sure to read
the sections before trying to answer the questions.
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery (p. 450-453)
Darwin’s Epic journey
1.
On the map below, (1) find and label the Galápagos Islands (2) circle the names of three large land masses
Darwin did not visit on his voyage.
2. Darwin spent most of his time exploring the continent of __________
________________________
, ________________________
________________; he did not visit
, or ________________________ .
3. During Darwin’s time, geologists were suggesting that Earth was ________________________
.
4. Darwin’s work offers insight into the living world by showing organisms are constantly ____________________________.
Observations Aboard the Beagle
5. Use the above pictures to answer the following questions.

What important information about the Galápagos Islands tortoises did Darwin learn?
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
Given its body structure, which tortoise above would require a habitat where food is easy to reach?
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6. Use the above picture to answer the following questions.
 On the map, place the labels Rheas, Emus, and Ostriches on the continents where they are found. Why
were the similarities among rheas, ostriches, and emus surprising to Darwin?
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
Why might Darwin come to think that the finches of the Galápagos Islands might be related to the
finches of South America, despite how different the birds were in appearance?
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7. Darwin observed that the birds he would eventually discover were finches had differently shaped beaks. What
might this suggest about the eating habits of the birds? Explain.
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8. What did the similarities between fossil animals and modern animals, like the glyptodont and armadillo, suggest
to Darwin?
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9. Complete the graphic organizer by listing three ways that species vary. For each pattern of biodiversity, list an
example that Darwin observed.
Species
Vary
an example of which is
an example of which is
an example of which is
10. When Darwin returned to England, he learned that the small brown birds he observed on the Galápagos Islands
were all finches. They resembled South American finches. What hypothesis does this observation support?
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking (p.455-458)
1.
In what two ways did an understanding of geology influence Darwin?
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2. True or False: Foe each statement below write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
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Hutton realized that Earth was much younger than previously believed.
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Lyell thought most geological processes operated extremely quickly.
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The processes that changed Earth in the past are different from the processes that
operate in the present.
__________________________ Lyell’s work explained how large geological features could be built up or torn down over
long periods of time.
3. How did Lamarck propose that species change over time?
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4. According to Lamarck’s hypothesis, what occurs between steps 2 and 3 in the diagram above to make the crab’s
claw grow larger?
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5. Which step in the diagram above shows the inheritance of acquired traits as proposed by Lamarck?
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6. How did Lamarck pave the way for the work of later biologists?
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7. Which of Lamarck’s ideas turned out to be true? Which turned out to be false?
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8. How would Lamarck have explained the length of a giraffe’s neck?
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_______ 9. Which observation caused Thomas Malthus to form his theory about population growth?
A. Human birth rate was higher than the death rate.
B. War caused the death of thousands of people.
C. Famines were common in England in the 1800s.
D. The offspring of most species survived into adulthood.
_______ 10. Which of the following is an idea attributed to Malthus?
A. As a population decreases in size, warfare and famine become more common.
B. As a population increases in size, the percentage of offspring that survive also increases.
C. If the human population grew unchecked, its rate of evolution would increase geometrically.
D. If the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn’t be enough living space and food for everyone.
_______ 11. Malthus’s ideas led Darwin to conclude that
A. Earth is much older than previously thought.
B. the size of the human population can grow indefinitely.
C. many more organisms are born than will survive and reproduce.
D. organisms are able to evolve through a process known as artificial selection.
12. How do humans affect artificial selection? What role does nature play?
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13. What is another name for artificial selection?
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14. Describe how you could use artificial selection to breed pigeons with large beaks.
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15. Complete the table about scientists who contributed to the development of the theory of evolution.
Scientist
Scientists Who Contributed to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Contribution to Darwin’s Theory
James Hutton
Charles Lyell
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck
Thomas
Malthus
Darwin Presents His Case (p. 460-464)
1.
What does the phrase struggle for existence mean?
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2. Why is camouflage considered an adaptation?
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3. How does an animal’s level of fitness relate to its chances of survival and reproduction?
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4. True or False: For each statement below write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
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Natural selection is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its
specific environment.
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Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival is
considered an adaptation.
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Natural selection acts on acquired traits.
5. Natural selection depends on the ability of organisms to ________________________________________, which means to leave
descendants.
6. Every organism alive today ________________________________________ from ancestors who survived and reproduced.
7. Over many generations, adaptation could cause successful species to ________________________________________ into new
species.
8. Common descent suggests that all species, living and extinct, are ________________________________________.
9. The principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as
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10. The ________________________________________ provides physical evidence of descent with modification over long periods
of time.
Natural Selection
Variation and Adaption
/Survival of the Fittest
The Struggle for
Existence
11. In the three boxes on the left, draw an example of natural selection that might occur in a population of frogs.
Then, on the lines at right, describe each stage.
Evidence of Evolution (p. 465-473)
1.
Biogeographers study where organisms live now and where they and their __________________________________________lived in
the past.
2. When individuals from a mainland bird population immigrate to various islands, natural selection may result in
__________________________________________, but different, island species.
3. Distantly related organisms may be similar if they live in __________________________________________.
4. What explains the distribution of finch species on the Galápagos Islands?
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5. What explains the existence of similar but unrelated species?
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6. The illustrations below show organisms whose fossils make up part of the fossil record. The organisms are in order
from oldest to most recent. In the boxes, draw an animal that might have been an intermediate form between the
shown organisms.
7. Complete the table about types of anatomical structures.
Structure Type
Types of Anatomical Structures
Description
Structures that are shared by related
species and that have been inherited
from a common ancestor
Body parts that share common function, but
not structure
Body parts in animals that are so reduced
in size that they are just vestiges, or traces,
of homologous structures in other species
Example
8. Match the structure with the correct type. A structure type may be used more than once.
Anatomical Structure
Structure Type
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bat wing and mouse arm
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reptile foot and bird foot
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dolphin fin and fish tail
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eyes on a blind cave fish
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snake tongue and dog nose
A. homologous structure
B. analogous structure
C. vestigial structure
9. The science of __________________________________________provides molecular evidence that supports evolutionary theory.
10. All living cells use __________________________________________ and __________________________________________ to code heritable
information.
11. The universal genetic code is used by almost all organisms to __________________________________________.
12. Proteins that are __________________________________________ share extensive structural and chemical similarities.
13. Cytochrome c is a protein used for __________________________________________ in almost every living cell.
14. Homologous genes called Hox genes control timing and growth in __________________________________________.
15. Relatively minor changes in an organism’s genome can produce major changes in an organism’s ________________________.
16. _______ Which of the following hypotheses did the Grants test?
A. Differences in beak size and shape produce differences in fitness.
B. For beak size and shape to evolve, the birds must leave the islands.
C. For beak size and shape to evolve, the climate must change radically.
D. Differences in beak size and shape are not determined by genetic mutations.
17. _______ The data that the Grants collected proved that there is
A. no link between the environment and the shape of finch feet.
B. no link between the environment and the shape of finch beaks.
C. great variation of heritable traits among Galápagos finches.
D. very little variation of heritable traits among Galápagos finches.
18. _______ The Grants conducted their experiment to test which of the following processes?
A. Natural selection
C. Artificial selection
B. Genetic mutation
D. Sexual reproduction
19. Complete the concept map.
Evidence for
Evolution
includes
20. The art shows how finch beaks are similar to certain kinds of hand tools. Suppose a finch fed on insects that
burrowed into small holes on tree trunks. What type of tool do you think this finch’s beak would resemble? Explain
your answer.
Essential Questions
1.
How can the geographic location of a species be a contributing factor in natural selection and evolution?
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2. How can geographic isolation and adaptive radiation be used to support the theory of evolution?
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3. How has the work of scientists in geology, biology and ecology contributed to our current understanding of
evolution?
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4. How has the understanding of plate tectonics provided evidence for the theory of evolution?
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Book Section
Completeness
Exceeds Standard
100%
Meets Standard
75%
Approaches Standard
50%
All questions in all
sections completed.
Only one or two
questions in each
section are
incomplete.
All essential
questions were
answered correctly.
One of the essential
questions was
answered incorrectly
or left blank.
10 -20 questions are
incomplete in the
entire DRG are
incomplete.
Work was done in
each section.
Two of the essential
questions were
answered incorrectly
or left blank.
(4 sections in this unit)
Essential Questions
(4 in this unit)
Doesn’t Meet
Standard
25%
More than 20
questions are
incomplete.
or
An entire section was
left incomplete.
Three of the essential
questions were
answered incorrectly
or left blank.
Incomplete
0%
More than one
section was
incomplete.
No essential
questions were
answered.