Download Chapter 5:Bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation Q1: why is

Chapter 5:Bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation
Q1: why is ATP considered as an energy-rich compound?
Q2: is ATP the only energy-rich compound in the body?
Q3: Are NADH & FADH2 Produced in the mitochondria only?
Q4: why does FADH2 produce 2ATP while NADH produce 3ATP?
Q5: what are the site-specific inhibitors of the electron transport chain?
Q6: Explain why NADH is oxidized by FMN?
Q7: How is electron transport chain is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation?
Q8: Explain why 2ATP are produced in glycerophosphate shuttle while 3ATP
are produced by malate-aspartate shuttle?
Q9: how many calories produced from the complete aerobic oxidation of
glucose?
Chapter 7: Glycolysis
Q1: Define Glycolysis?
Q2: Does Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Q3: what are the reversible and irreversible steps of glycolysis?
Q4: what are the differences between hexokinase and glucokinase?
Q5: How many ATP produced from glycolytic pathway under:
1. aerobic conditions?
2. Anaerobic conditions?
Q6: what is the most important step in glycolysis
Q7: Explain how cytosolic NADH enter the mitochondria?
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Q8: What is the effect of insulin and glucagon?
8: Gluconeogenesis
Q1: what are the substrates of gluconeogenesis?
Q2: starting from lactate list all the steps for glucose synthesis?
Q3: explain how alanine converted into glucose?
Q4: write down the net equation of gluconeogenesis? And how many ATPs are
produced?
Q5: what is "Cori cycle"? and what are the biochemical advantages of it?
Q6: Explain in detail the effect of insulin and glucagon in:1. Glycolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis
Q7: compare between insulin and glucagon action in gluconeogenesis and
glycolysis?
Q8: what are the unique steps of gluconeogenesis?
Chapter 9: Citric Acid Cycle
Q1: what is the first reaction of TCA cycle?
Q2: what are the steps of the cycle which produce CO, FADH, NADH?
Q3: which enzyme in the cycle which is similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Q4: what are the advantages of citric acid cycle?
Q5: what is the step of the cycle which is involved with the production an GTP?
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Q6: what are the differences between the substrate-level phosphorylation and
oxidative phosphorylation? Give example?
Q7: what is the composition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Chapter 10: Hexose monophosphate pathway
Q1: how is erythrose 4-phosphate produced?
Q2: write the oxidative part of (HMP)?
Q3: what are the biochemical uses of NADPH?
Q4: List down the antioxidant enzyme? What is the specific reaction catalyzed
by each enzyme?
Q5: what is the structure of glutathione?
Q6: How is reduced glutathione (0-OH) regenerated?
Q7: what is the substrate of glutathione?
Q8: why are RBCs more susceptible to oxidation than the other cells (tissues)?
Q9: what are the advantages of (HMP)?
Q10: what is the oxidative part of (HMP)? And what is the non-oxidative part of
(HMP)?
Chapter 12: Metabolism of monosaccharide and disaccharide
Q1: Explain in detail how fructose catabolized in human body?
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Q2: Explain how does fructose enter glycolysis?
Q3: what are the enzyme defects involved in the following pathological
conditions:
1. Essential fructosuria
2. Hereditary fructose intolerance
Q4: Explain how does mannose enter glycolysis? Explain how does mannose
catabolized?
Q5: what is the significance of sorbitol pathway?
Q6: Explain how galactose is catabolized? Explain how galactose enter
glycolytic pathway?
Chapter 13: Glycogen metabolism
Q1: what are the functions of liver and muscle glycogen?
Q2: what are the sources of glucose in blood?
Q3: why glucose is preferred energy source?
Q4: why hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia? Hint: coma
may cause death.
Q5: Explain why is the ratio of glucose 1-phosohate to glucose is (8:1)?
Q6: why is muscle glycogen NOT used for regulation of blood glucose level?
Q7: what are the advantages of branching in glycogen synthesis?
Q8: Explain in detail how glycogen synthesis and degradation is regulated:
1. Allosterically?
2. Hormonally?
Q9: explain in detail how glycogen synthesis and degradation reciprocally
regulated? Figure 13.10
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