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Transcript
How do we learn? Learning Psych 101 3 main types Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Learning Association Learning Learning a basic association between two things Ivan Pavlov Noticed that when he walked into the room to feed dogs, they were already salivating Why would this be? Food causes salivation No food was present… why are the dogs salivating? Association between Terminology Pavlov entering the room = dog’s get food This is learning!! Classical Conditioning A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS) stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally-triggers a response originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus 1 Again… Unexpected Associations UCS (passionate kiss) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) Timing is everything… How should the US and the CS be presented? Any particular ordering? The CS elicits a diminished response (CR) after time has passed and after extinction UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CR (sexual arousal) Other ideas Extinction Ideally: CS then US Spontaneous Recovery UCR (sexual arousal) Playing CS with no US The response (CR) disappears Well, how specific is the learning? Generalization The tendency to respond to a CS that is similar to the initial CS that the animal was trained on Discrimination The ability to tell the difference between certain aspects of the learned association 2 Examples: Generalization Examples: Discrimination chocolate Still want it? Associations have to make sense… Rats are more likely to learn an association between food and nausea than light and nausea Also they are more likely to learn to associate light and shock than food to shock Operant Conditioning Relies on the Law of Effect Rewarded behavior is more likely to recur type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment B.F. Skinner Shaping Skinner Box chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal Successive approximations (bribing good grades with money) 3 Reinforcement Seeking to strengthen the behavior Positive: adding something to strengthen behavior Negative: removing something to strengthen behavior Examples Positive reinforcement Money for good grades Negative reinforcement Removal of restriction for good grades Punishment Seeking to decrease the behavior Positive: adding something to diminish the behavior Negative: removing something to diminish the behavior Examples Punishment is most effective when accompanied by reinforcement “Don’t do this, do this instead.” Spanking Negative punishment Taking the car away for getting a speeding ticket What if the reinforcement/punishment is not occurring EVERY time? Which is most effective? Positive punishment In real life, people don’t get punished every time they do something bad or rewarded every time they do something good Continuous reinforcement: If everytime you did something there was a reward 4 Types of Partial Reinforcement Partial reinforcement More common than continuous reinforcement Which is better? Continuous: faster learning Partial: longer lasting learning Fixed Ratio schedules Variable Ratio schedules Fixed Interval schedules Examples: Rewards are given at random time intervals Most Effective? Door to door salesmen Checking the cookies to see if they’re done Airline frequent flier miles programs Gambling Observational Learning Rewards are given every 30 minutes Which reinforcement schedule do these fit into? Rewards are given in an unpredictable manner Variable Interval schedules Every 30 pieces gives a reward Learning through observing Albert Bandura Conducted Bobo Doll Experiments The Bobo Doll Experiment 2 groups of children Watched an adult interact with a bobo doll 1 group saw an adult be violent with the bobo doll 1 group saw an adult ignore the bobo doll The children that observed the violence were more violent towards the bobo doll 5 Quiz A dog will naturally sneeze after being tapped on the nose. For a short period, the dog is shocked (lightly) prior to being tapped on the nose and prior to them sneezing. After training, the dog will sneeze after being shocked. What is the unconditioned stimulus here? What is the conditioned response? #2 A monthly salary is an example of which type of partial reinforcement schedule? Variable ratio Fixed ratio Variable interval Fixed interval 6