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MINISTRY OF HEALTHCARE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
„NICOLAE TESTEMIŢANU”
Approved
Approved
at the meeting of the Medicine Faculty
Nr.2,
Minutes Nr._____din 8.02.2011
at the meeting of the Department of Molecular
Biology and Human Genetics
Minutes Nr.12 din 07.02.2011
Dean of the Medicine Faculty Nr.2
Dr., professor
Chief of the Department,
Ph D., associated professor
___________________________ M. Betiu
___________________________ I. Cemortan
SYLLABUS
Name of the Course: Molecular Biology
Code of the Course: F.01.O.003
The type of Course: Compulsory discipline
The total number of hours – 85 hours,
Including theoretical classes/lectures – 34 hours, practical classes – 51 hours;
Number of credit-tests provided for the course: 5 credits
Teaching staff:
Ph D, associated professor Igor Cemortan
Dr., associated professor Svetlana Capcelea
Ph D, associated professor Ludmila Perciuleac
Dr., associated professor Dumitru Amoaşii
Chişinău 2011
1. The purpose of the Molecular Biology discipline:
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Studying the molecular organization of cell – structural and functional unit of the human
organism; the nucleic acids as substrate of the heredity and variability; the basic molecular
processes – DNA replication, DNA-repair, coding of the genetic information, transcription
and translation; the dynamic of the cell components and the molecular processes
dependent on the period of cell cycle, the type of cell land the period of the ontogenesis.
Training skills in analysis and interpretation of scientifically data;
Developing the capacity of selection and indication of the molecular methods of
investigation and diagnostic depend on the clinical presentation.
2. The objective of professional formation/education/development within the discipline
Molecular Biology:
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a) at the level of knowledge and understanding:
to know the main properties and levels of organization of biological systems;
to know the basic molecular processes in living organisms;
to understand the principles of compartmentation of human cell, the specific functions of each
compartment, the main macromolecules and interactions of macromolecules in the biological
systems;
to know the
relationship between: DNA, RNA and proteins; structure and functions of cells;
genom, transcriptom, proteinom, metabolom, phenom;
to understand the principles of the human genom organization, the particularities of the storage,
transmission and expression of the genetic information at the molecular, cellular and organismic
levels;
to know the basic principles of the following molecular processes: replication, repair, transcription
and translation;
to know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
to understand the basic processes of the growth and development of the multicellular organism, cell
differentiation, regeneration of tissues;
to understand the mechanisms and the significance of the living things diversity,
to know the principles of the DNA recombinant technology and methods of human gene analysis.
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b) At the level of application:
to distinguish the cellular and acellular living things;
to distinguish the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;
to be able to use the main tools of the microscopic investigations;
to model the main molecular processes: replication, transcription, translation;
to assess the practical role and usefulness of the recombinant DNA technology in medicine;
to give a correct interpretation of the different methods of DNA sequencing;
to give a correct interpretation of the PCR analysis results;
to give a correct interpretation of the Southern-blot hybridization results;
to give a correct interpretation of the Northern-blot hybridization results;
to give a correct interpretation of the electrophoresis results;
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c) at the level of integration:
to appreciate the importance of Molecular Biology in medical context and integration with the basic
and clinical disciplines;
- to demonstrate and explain molecular mechanisms regulating metabolic processes both in norm and
pathology;
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2
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to find relations between the structure and functions at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism
levels;
to be able to deduce the possible reasons of the main molecular processes blocking and the
consequences of this under cell, tissue, organism:
to be able to apply the accumulated knowledge in scientific investigations;
to be able to use critically the obtained scientific investigations using new IT technologies;
to be able to use multimedia technologies to select, asses, store, produce and communicate
information;
to make purposes for scientific research in Molecular Biology, develop specific research projects and
to base their applicability in clinical practice;
to be able to study to learn for a management of the own professional route.
3. Conditions and preliminary requirements:
Molecular Biology is a fundamental biological discipline, which at the university study will
enable future doctors to know the molecular organizations od human cells, tissues and organisms;
to understand the molecular basis of all structures, functions, properties of human organism in
norm and pathology; to apply the recombinant DNA technology, the methods of gene analysis to
evaluate and interpreted the results of the prenatal and postnatal molecular diagnostic, genomic
dactiloscopy in identification of pathogens.
Discipline requires strong knowledge in biology, chemistry, physics, obtained during
undergraduate studies.
4. Basic content of the course:
A. Theoretical classes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Theme
Molecular biology as biological science. The aim and mission of Molecular
biology. Importance of Molecular biology for medicine. The proprieties of
biological systems.
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Structure, levels of organization, flexibility. DNA
heterogeneity. Peculiarities of DNA organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Mitochondrial DNA. Types of RNA. Functions of different types of RNA.
Functions and interactions of macromolecules in biological systems. Structure of
the membranes. Plasma membrane. Functions of plasma membrane. Membrane
receptors. Intracellular membranes. Origin and evolution of membranes.
Compartmentation of eukaryotic cell. Synthesis, processing and sorting of the
proteins in cell. Degradation of substances in cell. Detoxification of external and
internal toxic substance.
Location and organization of DNA in eukaryotic cell. Chromatin: euchromatin and
heterochromatin. Molecular organization. Histones and non-histones. Levels of
condensation of chromosomes. Nucleolus: molecular organization and functions.
The steps of biogenesis of ribosomes.
Structure and functions of genes. The gene – an unit of genetic information.
Structure of prokaryotic genes. Structure of eukaryotic genes. Mosaic structure of
genes. Mitochondrial genes. Regulatory regions. Mobile genetic elements.
Hours
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Transcription of genetic material. Steps of transcription. Apparatus of
transcription. Peculiarities of transcription in prokaryotes. Transcription in
eukaryotes. Processing of RNA. Transcription of 1st, 2nd and 3rd class genes. RNA
splicing. Alternative splicing and its biological importance. Trans-splicing. RNA
editing
genetic code. Peculiarities of mitochondrial genetic code. Steps and apparatus of
translation. Ribosomes. Structure of ribosomes, functional centers. Peculiarities of
ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Peculiarities of translation in
prokaryotes. Inhibition of translation in prokaryotes. Peculiarities of translation in
eukaryotes.
Control of gene expression in eukaryotes: pretranscriptional, transcriptional,
posttrancsriptional, translational, posttranslational. Control of gene activity in
ontogenesis and cell specialization/differentiation.
DNA replication. The steps of replication. Apparatus of replication. Peculiarities of
replication in prokaryotes. Replication in eukaryotes. Synthesis of telomeres.
Replication of mitochondrial DNA.
DNA repair. DNA repair – replicative and post-replicative. Reparation by
recombination. SOS repair. DNA mutilation and its biological importance.
Cell cycle. Steps of cell cycle: interphase in mitosis. Interphase: sequence of main
events. Restriction points. Period Go. Mitosis. Dynamic of chromosomes during
mitosis. Molecular mechanisms of mitosis. Cell center, mitotic spindle, kinetocore.
Cytokinesis.
Control of cell cycle. Types of cell proliferation. Malign transformation.
Apoptosis – programmed cell death. Mechanisms of apoptosis. Biological
importance of apoptosis. Control of apoptosis.
Recombination Steps of meiosis: Reductional and equational divisions. Steps of
prophase I of meiosis. Importance of prophase I events. Crossing-over and its
biological importance. Molecular mechanism of crossing-over. Dynamic of
chromosomes during meiosis. Biological importance of meiosis. Pecuilarities of
gametogenesis in male and female. Errors of segregation and distribution of
chromosomes during meiosis. Peculiarities of meiosis in male and female.
Recombinant DNA methods. Restriction enzymes. Restriction maps. Cloning
vectors: plasmids and bacteriophages. Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA.
Building of cDNA and genomic libraries.
Cloning in vivo and in vitro.
Methods of gene analysis. Gene sequencing. Southern, Northern and Western-blot
analysis. PCR and its applications.
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
34
B. Lucrări practice
1.
Theme
Levels of organization of biological systems. The cell as structural and functional
unit of life. Acellular forms of life: viruses and prions. Comparative
characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Main components of the cell –
chemical organization and compartmentation. Cytosol and cytoskeleton. Methods
of cell analysis.
Hours
3
4
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Macromolecules. Simple and complex proteins – structure, functions and their
location in the cell. Activation and inactivation of proteins. Carbohydrates –
structure, functions of deposition and signaling. Lipids. Phospholipids.
Cholesterol. Nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Structure, levels of organization, flexibility. DNA
heterogeneity. Peculiarities of DNA organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Mitochondrial DNA. Types of RNA. Functions of different types of RNA.
Biological membranes. Structure of the membranes. Plasma membrane.
Intracellular membranes. Transmembrane transport of substances. Membrane
receptors. Cell junctions.
Compartmentation of eukaryotic cell. Cell organelles - structure and functions.
Biogenesis of membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis and their biological role.
Cytoskeleton. Pathological aspects of abnormalities in cell organelles.
Main characteristics of prokaryotes. General structure of bacteria. Cell envelope:
structure and peculiarities. Genetic apparatus of bacteria: nucleoid and plasmids.
Bacterial cell cycle. Biological importance of bacteria.
Structure and functions of the nucleus. Chromatin: euchromatin and
heterochromatin. Molecular organization. Histones and non-histones. Levels of
condensation of chromosomes. Nucleolus: molecular organization and functions.
The steps of biogenesis of ribosomes.
Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. Coding, non-coding, regulatory and
modulatory sequences. Mitochondrial genes.
Gene expression. Transcription. Steps of transcription. Apparatus of transcription.
Peculiarities of transcription in prokaryotes. Transcription in eukaryotes.
Processing of RNA. Transcription of 1st, 2nd and 3rd class genes. RNA splicing.
Alternative splicing and its biological importance. Trans-splicing. RNA editing.
Translation. Genetic code. Steps and apparatus of translation. Modeling of
translation.
Control of gene expression. Blocking of transcription and its possible causes.
Defects of splicing and their consequences.
Replication. Apparatus of replication. Peculiarities of replication in prokaryotes.
Replication in eukaryotes. DNA repair in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Steps of cell cycle: interphase in mitosis. Examination of microscopic slides,
images with different phases of mitosis. Dynamic of chromosomes during cell
cycle.
Meiosis and its periods. Crossing-over and its biological importance. Molecular
mechanism of crossing-over. Dynamic of chromosomes during meiosis. Biological
importance of meiosis.
Recombinant DNA methods. Restriction enzymes. Restriction maps. Cloning
vectors: plasmids and bacteriophages. Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA.
Cloning in vivo and in vitro.
Methods of gene analysis.
Application of the gene manipulation technics in medicine: indication and limits.
Total
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
51
5
5. Recommended bibliography:
A. mandatory:
1. Curs de biologie moleculară. Cemortan I., Capcelea S., Ţaranov L., Amoaşii D., 2000
2. Молекулярная биология. Чемортан И., Капчеля С., Царанов Л. , Амоаший Д., 2001
3. Culegere de teste la Biologia moleculară şi Genetică umană. Ţaranov L. Cherdivarenco N.
Capcelea S. Perciuleac L. Terehov V.Rotaru L.Platon E. Cemortan I. 2003
4. Сборник тестов и задач по молекулярной биологии и Генетики человека. Царанов Л.
Кердиваренко Н.Капчеля С. Перчуляк Л. Терехов В.Ротару Л. Платон Е. Чемортан И. 2003
5. Cell biology Pollard Th., Earnshaw W., 2002
6. Cell and molecular biology. Ionescu C şi al. 1998
7. Biologie celulară şi moleculară. Curs universitar. Mixich F. 1999.
8. Biologia moleculară. Elaborări metodice / Молекулярная биология. Методические указания /
Molecular biology. Exercise book Capcelea S., Perciuleac L., Cemortan I
B. Supplementary:
1. Genetica medicală: Progrese recente. Ştefănescu D. Şi al. 1998
2. Manual de lucrări practice la biologia celulară. Cotrutz C. şi al. 1994
3. Molecular Biology P Turner 2001
4. Сell and molecular Biology. С. Cotrutz 1998
5. Molecular Biology of the Cell. B. Alberts 2002
6. Biologie moleculaire en biologie clinique V.2. M. Bogard 1999
7. Biologie moleculaire en biologie clinique V.3. M. Bograd. 1999
8. Введение в молекулярную диагностику и генотерапию. В. Горбунова. 1997.
6. The methods of teaching and learning used:
Molecular Biology is a compulsory subject an dis taught in accordance with the classical
standards: theoretical classes and practical classes. The theoretical classes are held by the teaching
staff. During practical lessons the theoretical issues are discussed as it is described in exercise books;
the problems, studies of cases and tests are solved; the interactive methods of teaching and learning are
applied; the virtual laboratory works are carried out.
7. Suggestions for individual activity:
It is known that one of the least efficient methods of learning is passive listening of the
courses, even if they are well structured and explained. If you want to assimilate successfully
Molecular Biology, you should work actively with material. For this purpose you can follow a
few tips:
 Before coming to classes, it is useful to get acquainted with the material to listen to;
 Don’t outline automatic the course, but go through information provided by the
professor;
 If you do not understand enough the material, ask the teacher, colleagues, refer to the
manuals;
 In preparation for practical works, summary tests, exams make notes, diagrams, work
in groups;
 After you have learned the material, test your knowledge solving tests and problems
given in the exercise book and test collections;
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Participate actively in discussions during practical work; only when formulated ideas
on the meaning the audience can say with certainty that you have mastered the
material;
Try to find the relation between the information obtained in Molecular Biology and
that obtained in other basic subjects;
Focus upon the medical aspects; apply knowledge gained from Molecular Biology to
clinical disciplines.
7. Method of assessment:
Current assessment
The discipline Molecular Biology has 2 summary test and current computer tests:
Summary test nr.1:
- Cell – the elementary structural and functional unit in norm and pathology.
- Nucleic acids – carriers of the genetic information about cell organization and functions
- Proteins – substrate of structure, properties and functions at the level of cell, tissue, organism
- Interactions between macromolecules determine the integrity of biological systems and the
structural-functional quality of organisms
- Summary test nr.1:
- Replication provides duplication and transmission of the genetic information
- DNA repair assures stability of the genetic information
- Transcription and translation – the basic steps of gene expression
- Biosynthesis of proteins dependent on the type of cell, period of ontogenesis and environment
factors and its role in cell differentiation, development and adaptation of the human organism.
Each summary test is denoted by grades from 0 to 10. Summary test can be sustained 2 times, plus
once in the last week of semester (week for attestation). Annual mark is an average of the marks for the
summary tests.
Summary test consists of two parts: a written test and a computer test. Written test includes 8-10
items; computer test consists of 30 questions (single and multiple choice).
For final examination of Molecular Biology are admitted only the students who have an annual mark
equal to 5 and more than 5 and without unrecovered absences.
Final assessment:
The final exam in Molecular Biology consists two parts, each is eliminatory:
1. PRACTICAL PART in written form contains 10 items:
1. Definition of terms;
2. To name molecular components of a cell structure and their functions;
3. To name functions of cell component;
4. To name components and step of one of the basic molecular processes;
5. To name biological role of one of the basic molecular processes;
6. To fill in the legend of a picture;
7. To describe practical importance of one of the basic molecular processes or
method of gene analysis;
8. To show the steps of gene expression;
9. To analyze restriction fragments and to draw the scheme of electrophoresis;
10. To fill in a table regarding different compartments of molecular biology.
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2.
TEST CONTROL (answers checked by computer system TestCorrector).
Each paper contains 100 questions:
40 tests simple chose (CS – a single correct answer)
60 tests multiple chose (CM – 2, 3 or 4 correct answers)
The final mark consists of 3 components: annual average mark (50%), written part (30%) and
single/multiple choice test (20%).
8. Languages of instruction:
Romanian, Russian, English.
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