Download Social Psychology

HAPPY DAY LIGHT SAVING
AP PSYCHOLOGY!
Today:
1. Crash Course – Intro
Social Psychology
2. Attitudes and Actions
3. Roles and Behaviors
HW: Read Chapter 14–
Pages 554-586
Test Next Friday
CC 7-12 Due Next Week
Intro: Social Psychology
Social Psychology – The Scientific study of how
we think about, influence and relate to others.
Attribution Theory- The theory that we explain
someone’s behavior by crediting either the
situation or the persons disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error – The tendency for
observers when analyzing another’s behavior to
underestimate the impact of the situation and to
overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
How does the ‘Fundamental Attribution Error’
impact our political policies?
Attitudes and Actions
Attitude – feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predisposes us to
respond in a particular was to objects, people, events and ideas.
Action – Our outward behaviors – Attitudes impact actions and actions
impact attitudes.
Peripheral Route Persuasion – occurs when people are influenced by
incidental cues such as a speakers attractiveness.
Doesn’t engaged in systematic thinking, produces fast results.
Persuades people by using cultural cues to lure people into making snap
judgments.
Central Rout Persuasion – occurs when interested people focus on the
arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
Offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger favorable
thoughts. Occurs when people are naturally analytical or involved in an
issue.
Good Day Psychologists!
Today:
1. Warm up: Persuasion
2. Actions and Attitudes – Roles
and Milgram
3. Roles and the Situation –
Stanford Prison Experiment.
4. Cognitive Dissonance
HW: Read Chapter 14
Chapter 14 test – 42 Questions
Next Friday
Comprehensive Content Review
7-12 Next Friday
You are also, most likely,
Evil. Deal.
HOW DO I GET SOMEONE TO SAY YES!
Please give an example of CENTRAL ROUTE
PERSUASION
Please give an example of PERIPHERAL ROUTE
PERSUASION
How might ones’ Attitude, or belief based feelings,
impact how you attempt to persuade them?
Actions Impact Attitudes
Roles – a set of expectations (norms) about a social
position, defining how those in the position ought to
behave.
The Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon – The tendency
for people who have first agreed to a small request to
comply later with a larger request.
Reflection: How does the Milgram Experiment relate
to Roles, Authority and the “Foot-In-The-Door”
Phenom. What does the Authority allow us to do?
Impacts of “The Situation”
Stanford Prison Experiment – revealed the power
of “the situation” in impacting individuals
behaviors, attitudes, assumed roles etc..
Abu Ghraib
How does the Situation,
Roles, Dehumanization, and
Group Identity play a part in
what happened at Abu
Ghraib?
Survival Situation - Robbers Cave Experiment – Young boys
in a survival situation and a competitive environment –
Increases IN-GROUP and OUT-GROUP identity, and Group
Polarization.
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance Theory – the theory that
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we
feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent. For example, when we become
aware that our attitudes and our actions clash,
we can reduce the resulting dissonance by
changing out attitudes (or our actions)
Cognitive Dissonance
Scenario:
● A person who craves a
cupcake may feel torn
between the desire for the
cupcake and the need to
follow the restrictions of the
diet.
● This individual must
determine whether to
sacrifice the diet so that he
or she can eat the cupcake
or to sacrifice the desired
eating of the cupcake to
maintain the diet.
Cognitive Dissonance
Conditions that must exist for cognitive dissonance to occur.
1. An individual must realize that he or she has a choice in the matter.
a. The dieter must not feel as though he or she was forced into
cheating on the diet. The choice to do so must be his or her own.
2. An individual must make a commitment to the behavior even though
it contradicts his or her thoughts.
a. Dissonance occurs only when the dieter cheats on the diet, not if
he or she only THINKS about doing so.
3. Before engaging in a behavior, the individual must be aware of the
negative consequences of that behavior.
a. In the case of the dieter, he or she must realize that eating a
cupcake violates the rules of the diet and may prolong the
attainment of his or her weight loss goal.
Cognitive Dissonance
Dissonance reducing mechanisms:
1. An individual may simply change the offending behavior so that it corresponds
to his or her attitudes or beliefs.
a. The dieter, for example, may simply stop eating a cupcake after a few bites.
2. For situations in which an individual cannot change his or her behavior, he or
she may change a cognition, or attitude, to make the behavior seem acceptable.
a. The dieter who has already eaten the entire cupcake may convince himself
or herself that eating the cupcake "makes up" for a small breakfast that
morning.
3. An individual may also add a new consonant cognition (agreeable thought) to
lessen the anxiety caused by his or her action.
a. The dieter may mentally commit to spending extra time at the gym the next
morning to negate the effects of the cupcake.
4. Finally, should no other strategy prove successful, the individual may attempt to
ignore the dissonance, pretending that he or she never participated in the
distressing behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance
Example 1: Coach Carter
Example 2: Confessions of a Shopaholic
Group Behavior –
Give examples from the Documentary
or YOUR OWN LIFE of the following:
•
•
•
Social Facilitation - he tendency for people to do better on simple
tasks when in the presence of other people. when people are being
watched by others, they will do well on things that they are already
good at doing.
Social Loafing - the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to
achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
Deindividuation - the losing of self-awareness in groups, although
this is a matter of contention
• Group Polarization – when competition is present, groups to make
decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its
members.
• Group Think - the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results
in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
Conformity
● Automatic Mimicry: The Chameleon Effect
o Non-conscious mimicry of the postures,
mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors
of one's interaction partners
o The Asch Experiment
o Video
● Why do we conform?
o Normative social influence- avoid rejection & gain
approval
o Informational social influence- we want to be
accurate
Happy Friday AP Psychology!
Warm up: Social Influences
Normative social influence - influence resulting
from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid
disapproval.
Informative social influence – influence resulting
from one’s willingness to accept others opinions
about reality.
Give a CONCRETE example of how both normative
and informative social influences create prejudice
in our society.
Prejudice and Entitlement
Prejudice –Prejudice generally involves stereotype
beliefs, negatives feelings, and a predisposition to
discriminatory action.
Stereotype – a generalized (sometimes accurate
sociotype but often overgeneralized) belief about a
group of people.
Discrimination – negative behavior toward a group
and its members.
How Prejudice Are People….?
Implicit Racial Association - our unconscious biases and
associations can be tested.
Unconscious Patronization – Happened in schools when
women were warned about the reverse – lowered
expectations for some students.
Race-Influenced Perceptions - Expectations – 12 y/o boys
with toy guns vs. believing they are real guns..
Reflexive Bodily Response – Even those who don’t
express outward prejudice are recorded to physically
react due to implicit bias.
Entitlement (The Other Side)
Just-World Phenomenon – the tendency for
people to believe the world is just and that
people therefore get what they deserve and
deserve what they get.
Hindsight Bias
How might the just-world-phenomenon impact
entitlement? How will entitlement impact
prejudice?
Entitlement – GROUP STYLE
Ingroup – “US” people with whom we share a
common identity.
Outgroup – “Them” those perceived as different or
apart from our ingroup.
Ingroup Bias – the tendency to favor our own
group.
How might our ‘group’ identity further impact
entitlement and prejudice?
WHO IS IN OUR GROUP: Forming
Categories
Scapegoat Theory – the theory that prejudice offers
an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
Flashbulb Memory – Vivid Cases – We tend to
remember more extreme examples of behavior.
The Other-race effect – the tendency to recall faces
of ones’ own race more accurately than faces of
other races. (also the cross-race effect, and the
own-race bias)
Discussion
Given what you know about prejudice and
entitlement, what suggestions would you make
regarding how to improve empathy and
understanding in our global society?
Warm up:
Social Psychology and The Walking Dead