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Genetics fill in review Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 1. A reproductive process in which fertilization occurs within a single plant is ____________________. 2. The transferring of pollen between plants is called ____________________. 3. Mendel produced strains of pea plants through the process of ____________________. 4. When two members of the F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as the ____________________ generation. 5. Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the first filial generation, or ____________________. 6. ____________________ refers to the transmission of traits from parent to offspring in sexually reproducing organisms. 7. In heterozygous individuals, only the ____________________ allele achieves expression. 8. A trait that is not expressed in the F1 generation resulting from the crossbreeding of two genetically different, true-breeding organisms is called ____________________. 9. The principle that states that one factor may mask the effect of another factor is the principle of ____________________. 10. In Mendel’s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was always a ____________________. 11. The statement that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed is known as the ____________________. 12. Different forms of a particular gene are called ____________________. 13. The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel’s factors is ____________________. 14. Mendel formulated two principles known as the laws of ____________________. 15. Different forms of a particular gene are called ____________________. 16. The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in an individual characteristic of an organism is called a(n) ____________________. 17. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is called ____________________. 18. An organism’s ____________________ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited. 19. The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its ____________________. 20. The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called ____________________. 21. Refer to the illustration above. The cell of the Punnett square labeled “X” represents the phenotype ____________________. 22. A fractional probability of 1/2 is the same as a decimal probability of ____________________. In pea plants, tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t). Crosses between plants with these traits can be analyzed using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. T t T 1 2 t 3 4 23. Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could have offspring with a genotype ratio of ____________________. 24. Refer to the illustration above. Box “2” and box ____________________ in the Punnett square represent plants that would be heterozygous for the trait for tallness. 25. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the plant that would be represented in box “4” of the Punnett square would be ____________________. 26. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype of both parents shown in the Punnett square above is ____________________. 27. A situation in which two or more alleles influence a phenotype is called ____________________. 28. A trait controlled by three or more alleles is said to have ____________________. 29. A phenomenon in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of its two homozygous parents is called ____________________. 30. A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a ____________________. 31. In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ____________________. 32. A cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits is a(n) ____________________ cross. 33. Transcription and translation are stages in the process of ____________________. 34. Cells must regulate gene expression so that genes will only be ____________________ when the proteins are needed. 35. The process of ____________________ is initiated by an inducer. 36. The first stage of gene expression is called ____________________. 37. A(n) ____________________ is a cluster of genes in a bacterial cell that codes for proteins with related functions. 38. A ____________________ is a molecule that prevents transcription by blocking the path of RNA polymerase along a molecule of DNA. 39. In certain bacteria, the gene that codes for the production of the enzyme that digests lactose is switched on in the presence of lactose. In this case, molecules of lactose act as ____________________. 40. Nucleotide segments of a DNA molecule that make up genes and are actually expressed in the phenotype of an organism are called ____________________. 41. Portions of genes that actually get translated into proteins are called ____________________. 42. Genes may be made more accessible to RNA polymerase by a sequence of nucleotides called ____________________. 43. As an organism grows from a zygote, certain genes in each cell are allowed to be expressed and others are not. This process is called ____________________ and results in the development of a characteristic form in an organism. 44. In Drosophila, ____________________ genes contain regions within them called ____________________, each of which controls the morphogenesis of a particular part of the Drosophila larva. 45. The presence of ____________________ homeobox genes in Drosophila and in mice indicates that all eukaryotic organisms may have similar homeoboxes regulating their development. 46. Environmental agents that can cause defects in genetic material are called ____________________. 47. Diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth in which cells undergo repeated uncontrollable divisions are called ____________________. 48. Cancer occurs as a result of disorders in cell ____________________. 49. In general, lives are not threatened by tumors that are ____________________. 50. A gene that, when mutated, can cause a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) ____________________. 51. The X and Y chromosomes are called the ____________________ chromosomes. 52. In humans, the genotype XX results in a ____________________. 53. Consider a cross between a homozygous, white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? ____________________. What proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? ____________________ 54. Linked genes can be separated from each other in meiosis if ____________________ occurs. 55. When traits do not appear according to the expected ratio in offspring, ____________________ may have occurred. 56. When a piece of chromosome attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome, the resulting mutation is called a ____________________. 57. A mutation in which an entire chromosome is lost during meiosis is called a(n) ____________________. 58. A change in an organism’s DNA is called a(n) ____________________. 59. Spontaneous changes in genetic material are called ____________________. 60. Identifying patterns of inheritance within a family over several generations is possible by studying a diagram called a(n) ____________________. 61. ____________________ technology is making it possible to cure genetic disorders. 62. A person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder is called a ____________________. 63. By studying a ____________________, genetic counselors can study how a trait was inherited over several generations. 64. A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is ____________________. 65. A genetic disorder in which an individual lacks an enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine is called ____________________. 66. A trait that is determined by a gene that is found only on the X chromosome is said to be ____________________. 67. In humans, the genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 is called ____________________. 68. The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called ____________________. Genetics fill in review Answer Section COMPLETION 1. ANS: self-pollination DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.1 2. ANS: cross-pollination DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.1 3. ANS: self-pollination DIF: I 4. ANS: F2 OBJ: 9-1.1 DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.1 5. ANS: F1 generation DIF: I 6. ANS: Heredity OBJ: 9-1.1 DIF: I 7. ANS: dominant OBJ: 9-1.1 DIF: I 8. ANS: recessive OBJ: 9-1.2 DIF: I 9. ANS: dominance OBJ: 9-1.2 DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.2 10. ANS: recessive trait DIF: II OBJ: 9-1.2 11. ANS: law of segregation DIF: I 12. ANS: alleles OBJ: 9-1.3 DIF: I 13. ANS: meiosis OBJ: 9-1.3 DIF: I 14. ANS: heredity OBJ: 9-1.3 DIF: I 15. ANS: alleles OBJ: 9-1.3 DIF: I 16. ANS: gene OBJ: 9-1.4 DIF: I OBJ: 9-1.5 17. ANS: homozygous DIF: I 18. ANS: genotype OBJ: 9-2.1 DIF: I 19. ANS: phenotype OBJ: 9-2.1 DIF: I 20. ANS: probability OBJ: 9-2.1 DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.1 21. ANS: round, yellow seeds DIF: I 22. ANS: 0.5 OBJ: 9-2.1 DIF: II 23. ANS: 1:2:1 OBJ: 9-2.1 DIF: II 24. ANS: “3” OBJ: 9-2.2 DIF: II 25. ANS: short OBJ: 9-2.2 DIF: II 26. ANS: Tt OBJ: 9-2.2 DIF: II OBJ: 9-2.2 27. ANS: codominance DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.2 28. ANS: multiple alleles DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.2 29. ANS: incomplete dominance DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.2 30. ANS: Punnett square DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.2 31. ANS: recessive traits DIF: I 32. ANS: dihybrid OBJ: 9-2.2 DIF: I OBJ: 9-2.4 33. ANS: gene expression DIF: I 34. ANS: transcribed OBJ: 11-1.1 DIF: I OBJ: 11-1.1 35. ANS: gene expression DIF: II OBJ: 11-1.1 36. ANS: transcription DIF: I 37. ANS: operon OBJ: 11-1.1 DIF: I OBJ: 11-1.2 38. ANS: repressor protein DIF: I 39. ANS: inducers OBJ: 11-1.2 DIF: I 40. ANS: exons OBJ: 11-1.2 DIF: I 41. ANS: exons OBJ: 11-1.3 DIF: I 42. ANS: enhancers OBJ: 11-1.3 DIF: I OBJ: 11-1.4 43. ANS: differentiation DIF: I OBJ: 11-2.1 44. ANS: homeotic; homeoboxes DIF: I 45. ANS: homologous OBJ: 11-2.2 DIF: II 46. ANS: mutagens OBJ: 11-2.3 DIF: I 47. ANS: cancers OBJ: 11-2.4 DIF: I OBJ: 11-2.4 48. ANS: division DIF: I 49. ANS: benign OBJ: 11-2.4 DIF: I OBJ: 11-2.4 50. ANS: proto-oncogene DIF: I 51. ANS: sex OBJ: 11-2.5 DIF: I 52. ANS: female OBJ: 12-1.1 DIF: I 53. ANS: none; all OBJ: 12-1.1 DIF: III OBJ: 12-1.2 54. ANS: crossing-over DIF: I OBJ: 12-1.3 55. ANS: crossing-over DIF: II OBJ: 12-1.4 56. ANS: translocation DIF: I 57. ANS: deletion OBJ: 12-1.5 DIF: I 58. ANS: mutation OBJ: 12-1.5 DIF: I 59. ANS: mutations OBJ: 12-1.5 DIF: I 60. ANS: pedigree OBJ: 12-1.5 DIF: I 61. ANS: Gene OBJ: 12-2.1 DIF: I 62. ANS: carrier OBJ: 12-2.1 DIF: I 63. ANS: pedigree OBJ: 12-2.1 DIF: I 64. ANS: hemophilia OBJ: 12-2.1 DIF: I OBJ: 12-2.3 65. ANS: phenylketonuria (PKU) DIF: I 66. ANS: sex-linked OBJ: 12-2.3 DIF: I OBJ: 12-2.4 67. ANS: Down syndrome DIF: I OBJ: 12-2.5 68. ANS: nondisjunction DIF: I OBJ: 12-2.5