Download Genetics fill in review

Genetics fill in review
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
1. A reproductive process in which fertilization occurs within a single plant is ____________________.
2. The transferring of pollen between plants is called ____________________.
3. Mendel produced strains of pea plants through the process of ____________________.
4. When two members of the F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, the offspring are referred to as
the ____________________ generation.
5. Mendel called the offspring of the P generation the first filial generation, or ____________________.
6. ____________________ refers to the transmission of traits from parent to offspring in sexually reproducing
organisms.
7. In heterozygous individuals, only the ____________________ allele achieves expression.
8. A trait that is not expressed in the F1 generation resulting from the crossbreeding of two genetically different,
true-breeding organisms is called ____________________.
9. The principle that states that one factor may mask the effect of another factor is the principle of
____________________.
10. In Mendel’s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was
always a ____________________.
11. The statement that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed is known as the
____________________.
12. Different forms of a particular gene are called ____________________.
13. The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel’s factors is ____________________.
14. Mendel formulated two principles known as the laws of ____________________.
15. Different forms of a particular gene are called ____________________.
16. The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in an individual characteristic of
an organism is called a(n) ____________________.
17. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is called ____________________.
18. An organism’s ____________________ refers to the set of alleles it has inherited.
19. The appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype is its ____________________.
20. The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called ____________________.
21. Refer to the illustration above. The cell of the Punnett square labeled “X” represents the phenotype
____________________.
22. A fractional probability of 1/2 is the same as a decimal probability of ____________________.
In pea plants, tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t). Crosses between plants with these traits can be
analyzed using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below.
T
t
T
1
2
t
3
4
23. Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could have offspring with a genotype
ratio of ____________________.
24. Refer to the illustration above. Box “2” and box ____________________ in the Punnett square represent
plants that would be heterozygous for the trait for tallness.
25. Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the plant that would be represented in box “4” of the Punnett
square would be ____________________.
26. Refer to the illustration above. The genotype of both parents shown in the Punnett square above is
____________________.
27. A situation in which two or more alleles influence a phenotype is called ____________________.
28. A trait controlled by three or more alleles is said to have ____________________.
29. A phenomenon in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the
phenotypes of its two homozygous parents is called ____________________.
30. A table used to determine and diagram the results of a genetic cross is called a ____________________.
31. In genetics, lowercase letters are usually used to indicate ____________________.
32. A cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits is a(n) ____________________ cross.
33. Transcription and translation are stages in the process of ____________________.
34. Cells must regulate gene expression so that genes will only be ____________________ when the proteins are
needed.
35. The process of ____________________ is initiated by an inducer.
36. The first stage of gene expression is called ____________________.
37. A(n) ____________________ is a cluster of genes in a bacterial cell that codes for proteins with related
functions.
38. A ____________________ is a molecule that prevents transcription by blocking the path of RNA polymerase
along a molecule of DNA.
39. In certain bacteria, the gene that codes for the production of the enzyme that digests lactose is switched on in
the presence of lactose. In this case, molecules of lactose act as ____________________.
40. Nucleotide segments of a DNA molecule that make up genes and are actually expressed in the phenotype of
an organism are called ____________________.
41. Portions of genes that actually get translated into proteins are called ____________________.
42. Genes may be made more accessible to RNA polymerase by a sequence of nucleotides called
____________________.
43. As an organism grows from a zygote, certain genes in each cell are allowed to be expressed and others are
not. This process is called ____________________ and results in the development of a characteristic form in
an organism.
44. In Drosophila, ____________________ genes contain regions within them called ____________________,
each of which controls the morphogenesis of a particular part of the Drosophila larva.
45. The presence of ____________________ homeobox genes in Drosophila and in mice indicates that all
eukaryotic organisms may have similar homeoboxes regulating their development.
46. Environmental agents that can cause defects in genetic material are called ____________________.
47. Diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth in which cells undergo repeated uncontrollable divisions are
called ____________________.
48. Cancer occurs as a result of disorders in cell ____________________.
49. In general, lives are not threatened by tumors that are ____________________.
50. A gene that, when mutated, can cause a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) ____________________.
51. The X and Y chromosomes are called the ____________________ chromosomes.
52. In humans, the genotype XX results in a ____________________.
53. Consider a cross between a homozygous, white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila.
What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? ____________________. What
proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? ____________________
54. Linked genes can be separated from each other in meiosis if ____________________ occurs.
55. When traits do not appear according to the expected ratio in offspring, ____________________ may have
occurred.
56. When a piece of chromosome attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome, the resulting mutation is
called a ____________________.
57. A mutation in which an entire chromosome is lost during meiosis is called a(n) ____________________.
58. A change in an organism’s DNA is called a(n) ____________________.
59. Spontaneous changes in genetic material are called ____________________.
60. Identifying patterns of inheritance within a family over several generations is possible by studying a diagram
called a(n) ____________________.
61. ____________________ technology is making it possible to cure genetic disorders.
62. A person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder is called a ____________________.
63. By studying a ____________________, genetic counselors can study how a trait was inherited over several
generations.
64. A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is ____________________.
65. A genetic disorder in which an individual lacks an enzyme responsible for converting the amino acid
phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine is called ____________________.
66. A trait that is determined by a gene that is found only on the X chromosome is said to be
____________________.
67. In humans, the genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 is called ____________________.
68. The failure of replicated chromosomes to separate is called ____________________.
Genetics fill in review
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1. ANS: self-pollination
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-1.1
2. ANS: cross-pollination
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-1.1
3. ANS: self-pollination
DIF: I
4. ANS: F2
OBJ: 9-1.1
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-1.1
5. ANS: F1 generation
DIF: I
6. ANS: Heredity
OBJ: 9-1.1
DIF: I
7. ANS: dominant
OBJ: 9-1.1
DIF: I
8. ANS: recessive
OBJ: 9-1.2
DIF: I
9. ANS: dominance
OBJ: 9-1.2
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-1.2
10. ANS: recessive trait
DIF: II
OBJ: 9-1.2
11. ANS: law of segregation
DIF: I
12. ANS: alleles
OBJ: 9-1.3
DIF: I
13. ANS: meiosis
OBJ: 9-1.3
DIF: I
14. ANS: heredity
OBJ: 9-1.3
DIF: I
15. ANS: alleles
OBJ: 9-1.3
DIF: I
16. ANS: gene
OBJ: 9-1.4
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-1.5
17. ANS: homozygous
DIF: I
18. ANS: genotype
OBJ: 9-2.1
DIF: I
19. ANS: phenotype
OBJ: 9-2.1
DIF: I
20. ANS: probability
OBJ: 9-2.1
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.1
21. ANS: round, yellow seeds
DIF: I
22. ANS: 0.5
OBJ: 9-2.1
DIF: II
23. ANS: 1:2:1
OBJ: 9-2.1
DIF: II
24. ANS: “3”
OBJ: 9-2.2
DIF: II
25. ANS: short
OBJ: 9-2.2
DIF: II
26. ANS: Tt
OBJ: 9-2.2
DIF: II
OBJ: 9-2.2
27. ANS: codominance
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.2
28. ANS: multiple alleles
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.2
29. ANS: incomplete dominance
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.2
30. ANS: Punnett square
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.2
31. ANS: recessive traits
DIF: I
32. ANS: dihybrid
OBJ: 9-2.2
DIF: I
OBJ: 9-2.4
33. ANS: gene expression
DIF: I
34. ANS: transcribed
OBJ: 11-1.1
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-1.1
35. ANS: gene expression
DIF: II
OBJ: 11-1.1
36. ANS: transcription
DIF: I
37. ANS: operon
OBJ: 11-1.1
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-1.2
38. ANS: repressor protein
DIF: I
39. ANS: inducers
OBJ: 11-1.2
DIF: I
40. ANS: exons
OBJ: 11-1.2
DIF: I
41. ANS: exons
OBJ: 11-1.3
DIF: I
42. ANS: enhancers
OBJ: 11-1.3
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-1.4
43. ANS: differentiation
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-2.1
44. ANS: homeotic; homeoboxes
DIF: I
45. ANS: homologous
OBJ: 11-2.2
DIF: II
46. ANS: mutagens
OBJ: 11-2.3
DIF: I
47. ANS: cancers
OBJ: 11-2.4
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-2.4
48. ANS: division
DIF: I
49. ANS: benign
OBJ: 11-2.4
DIF: I
OBJ: 11-2.4
50. ANS: proto-oncogene
DIF: I
51. ANS: sex
OBJ: 11-2.5
DIF: I
52. ANS: female
OBJ: 12-1.1
DIF: I
53. ANS: none; all
OBJ: 12-1.1
DIF: III
OBJ: 12-1.2
54. ANS: crossing-over
DIF: I
OBJ: 12-1.3
55. ANS: crossing-over
DIF: II
OBJ: 12-1.4
56. ANS: translocation
DIF: I
57. ANS: deletion
OBJ: 12-1.5
DIF: I
58. ANS: mutation
OBJ: 12-1.5
DIF: I
59. ANS: mutations
OBJ: 12-1.5
DIF: I
60. ANS: pedigree
OBJ: 12-1.5
DIF: I
61. ANS: Gene
OBJ: 12-2.1
DIF: I
62. ANS: carrier
OBJ: 12-2.1
DIF: I
63. ANS: pedigree
OBJ: 12-2.1
DIF: I
64. ANS: hemophilia
OBJ: 12-2.1
DIF: I
OBJ: 12-2.3
65. ANS: phenylketonuria (PKU)
DIF: I
66. ANS: sex-linked
OBJ: 12-2.3
DIF: I
OBJ: 12-2.4
67. ANS: Down syndrome
DIF: I
OBJ: 12-2.5
68. ANS: nondisjunction
DIF: I
OBJ: 12-2.5