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Transcript
Cellular Respiration chapter 7 ENERGETICS ch 6&7 the Big Picture 4/28/2017 A. Autotrophs ex. Plants make Glucose from CO2, H2O and Light in their chloroplasts. B. Autotrophs & Heterotrophs make ATP From C6H12O6 & O2 in their mitochondria. 2 Q: Animals are heterotrophs… what do they need to live? A: Food, Oxygen, Water Q: WHY??? A: To make ATP so their cells can do cellular work. Ex. powering: active transport, cell division, protein synthesis. Q: How is food turned to ATP? A: The biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration OXIDIZES food, removing electrons and H+, which are used to create ATP by chemiosmosis. ATP Chemical work Mechanical work Transport work Membrane protein P Motor protein Solute P Reactants P P P Product Molecule formed 4/28/2017 P Protein moved ADP P Solute transported 4 CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS… The complex biochemical pathway… – – Series of linked chemical reactions in which the product of the first reaction is a reactant in the next By which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds. 1. Carbohydrates (easiest) 2. Proteins 3. Lipids Enzymes are used at each step in the process… • What do you remember about enzymes? ENZYMES • Protein (polypeptide made of amino acids) catalysts of reactions that aid in all steps of metabolism. • Shape of “active site” is specific for a certain substrate- so there is a different enzyme used in each rxn. • Lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a rxn- so they speed up reactions. • Are reused. • Examples from this unit: Coenzyme A , water splitting enzyme, ATP synthase, Rubisco,. • Enzymes assist in every step of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ACTIVATION ENERGY Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction. HERE’S A REACTION WITH A HELPER… A CAT ENZYMES are biological catalyst. 4/28/2017 10 SOME RELEASE ENERGY ex. cellular respiration SOME REQUIRE ENERGY ex. .Photosynthesis C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP OXIDATION is losing electrons (and protons) C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 12 H+ + 12 eGlucose is oxidized REDUCTION is gaining electrons (and protons) 6 O2 6 H2O Oxygen is reduced The electrons are picked up by “electron carrier molecules” and transported to the Electron Transport Chain of proteins where they do work. Energy Molecules: ATP & NADH A molecule that gains a phosphate group is PHOSPHORYLATED. e- e- H+ ATP NADH NAD+ ADP A molecule that gains electrons is REDUCED. A molecule that loses electrons is OXIDIZED. Energy Molecules cellular respiration’s breakdown of glucose begins with the biochemical pathway of GLYCOLYSIS • • • • • means“to cut a sugar” CREATES: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acid GLYCOLYSIS TWO PHASES: 1. Energy investment requires 2 ATP 2. Energy payoff: creates 2 NADH creates 4 ATP Note: only the carbon Skeleton is shown. There Are oxygens & hydrogens also PRODUCTS: 1) 2 NADH 2) 2 ATP (net gain) 3) 2 pyruvic acid What happens after glycolysis is determined by the presence or absence of oxygen… (without oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration FERMENTATION 1. lactic acid NAD+ 2. Ethyl alcohol carbon Dioxide NAD+ (with oxygen) Aerobic Respiration OXIDATIVE RESPIRATION 1. 6 CO2 2. 8 NADH 3. 2 FADH2 4. up to 36 ATP 5. 6 H20 molecules Glycolysis & Fermentation Q: If fermentation doesn’t produce any more ATP then why bother with it??? A: fermentation restores NADH to NAD+, NAD+ is essential for glycolysis. If oxygen is present… reactions occur in the MITOCHONDRIA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Oxidation of Pyruvate Reduction of NAD+ & FAD Electron Transport Chain Proton Pumping Concentration Gradient Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis Pyruvic acid conversion to Acetate & The Krebs Cycle • pyruvic acid diffuses into the matrix & is oxidized • NAD+ is reduced NADH. • A molecule of CO2 is given off • The remaining 2 carbon fragment (acetate)joins with co-enzyme A 1. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and joins with a 4 carbon compound (OAA) 2. 2 more CO2 are released and the energy is transferred into: 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP 3. OAA is regenerated 4. Process repeats Pyruvic acid conversion to Acetate & The Krebs Cycle • pyruvic acid diffuses into the matrix & is oxidized • NAD+ is reduced NADH. • A molecule of CO2 is given off • The remaining 2 carbon fragment (acetate)joins with co-enzyme A 1. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle and joins with a 4 carbon compound (OAA) 2. 2 more CO2 are released and the energy is transferred into: 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP 3. OAA is regenerated 4. Process repeats Electron Transport Chain • NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to the ETC. • Series of proteins that electrons travel through. • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC- water is formed. • Some energy is used to pump H+ into the Inter Membrane Space. • CHEMIOSMOSIS • Kinetic Energy of H+ diffusing through ATP synthase channels is used to produce 34 ATP. • (2 + 2 + 34 = 38) Electron Transport Chain • NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to the ETC. • Series of proteins that electrons travel through. • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETCwater is formed. • Some energy is used to pump H+ into the Inter Membrane Space. • CHEMIOSMOSIS • Kinetic Energy of H+ diffusing through ATP synthase channels is used to produce 34 ATP. • (2 + 2 + 34 = 38) VOCAB SCRAMBLE ATP NADH FADH2 NADPH ATP synthase ADP PSII PS1 Water oxygen pigments chloroplast Mitochondria Coenzyme A CO2 Calvin Cycle Krebs Cycle chemiosmosis RUBP PGAL Glycolysis ETC Rubisco protonpump Photons NAD+ FAD NADP+ Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B carotenoids PGA Make a VENN DIAGRAM showing these words’association PHOTOSYNTHESIS BOTH RESPIRATION VOCAB SCRAMBLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS BOTH • used WATER • formed OXYGEN • formed GLUCOSE • Rubisco ENZYME • chloroplast ORGANELLE Pigments: Chlorophyll A&B, Carotenoids • Photons-Photosystems 1 &2 • Endergonic RXN • NADP+/NADPH • Calvin • RuBP • • electron carriers RESPIRATION formed Used used Co-A mitochondrion glycolysis Exergonic NAD+/NADHFAD/FADH2 CYCLE ATP/ADP ATP synthase ETC/proton pump/chemiosmosis Krebs OAA