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Unit 5 Host Resistance and the Immune System Unit 5-page 1 FOM Chapter 20 – Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Preview: In Chapter 20, we will learn about the branch of the immune system that provides nonspecific defenses against pathogens and foreign substances. KEY CONCEPT 20.1 The Immune System Is a Network of Cells and Molecules to Defend Against Foreign Substances Blood Cells Form an Important Defense for Innate and Adaptive Immunity Leukocytosis Leukopenia The Lymphatic System Is Composed of Cells and Tissues Essential to Immune Function Unit 5-page 2 Primary lymphoid tissues Secondary lymphoid tissues Fig. 20.3A Innate and Adaptive Immunity Compose a Fully Functional Human Immune System Innate Immunity Adaptive immunity Unit 5-page 3 KEY CONCEPT 20.2 Surface Barriers Are Part of Innate Immunity Host Defensive Barriers Limit Pathogen Entry First Line of Defense Barrier Example What amazing facts did you learn from MicroFocus 20.1: “Who Turned On the Spigot?” Unit 5-page 4 KEY CONCEPT 20.3 Coordinated Cellular Defenses Respond to Pathogen Invasion If first line defenses cannot hold, pathogen invasion may occur Phagocytosis Is a Nonspecific Defense Mechanism to Clear Microbes from Infected Tissues (modified from Figure 20.7) Unit 5-page 5 Inflammation Plays an Important Role in Fighting Infection (Figure 20.9) Unit 5-page 6 Moderate Fever Benefits Host defenses Caused by fever-triggering chemicals = Act on hypothalamus Low to moderate fever 39°- 40°C (102°-103°F) can be a good thing KEY CONCEPT 20.4 Effector Molecules Damage Invading Pathogens Complement Marks Pathogens for Destruction Assist pathogen elimination Unit 5-page 7 Interferon Puts Cells in an Antiviral State(Figure 20.13) Unit 5-page 8 Key Concepts 20.1 – 20.4 SUMMARY How does innate immunity work? KC 20.1 Leukocytes are important cells to effective immune defense KC 20.2 Surface barriers to colonization and infection include physical, chemical, and cellular defenses KC 20.1 Immune defenses consist of innate and adaptive responses to infection KC 20.3 Second line defenses include phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever KC 20.4 Immune effector molecules include complement and interferon Influences the outcome of an infection Nonspecific, rapid, and transient response found in all animals Unit 5-page 9 Study Set 5a Student Test Prep Chapter 20 – Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] abscess edema lymph node lymphocyte macrophage monocyte mucous membrane mucus neutrophil phagocyte pyrogen sebum vasodilation Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words] After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to: 1. Identify and differentiate between the different types of leukocytes important to immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 670-672] 2. Explain the importance of the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and the role of lymph nodes as a defense against pathogens. [FOM10/e: p. 672] 3. Assess the importance of the innate and adaptive immune responses. [FOM 10/e: p. 672674] 4. List and describe the physical, chemical, and cellular barriers against infection involved with innate immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 675-676] 5. Explain the process of phagocytosis and identifying the types of leukocytes involved. [FOM 10/e: pp. 78-680] 6. Define inflammation and outlining the stages. [FOM 10/e: pp. 681-683] 7. Assess the cause and effect of fever on an infection or disease. [FOM 10/e: p. 683-684] 8. Describe how complement functions as an antimicrobial defense system. [FOM 10/e: pp. 686-687] 9. Explain how interferon puts cells in an antiviral state. [FOM 10/e: pp. 687, 689] Chapter Self-Test STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: 2-4, 7, 8, 10, 11 Matching: 14, 16, 18-25 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: 29, 31-33, 36 STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS Question: 37 STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None Unit 5-page 10 MicroPuzzler 13 Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 17 15 16 18 19 20 Across Down 6. 1. 2. 8. 9. 10. 12. 14. 16. 17. 19. 20. An oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands Fluid accumulation during inflammation Abnormally high body temperature A cytokine that “alerts” cells to a viral threat The predominant white blood cell in the blood _____ immunity is a nonspecific defense response A sticky secretion that traps microbes in the respiratory tract A nonspecific defense response to trauma A key cell to adaptive immunity Also called a boil 3. 4. 5. 7. 11. 13. 15. 16. 18. Unit 5-page 11 A fever-producing substance An effector molecule that marks pathogens for destruction A local expansion of blood vessels Carried out by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells A blood cell having no pigment in the cytoplasm A white blood cell that lives for several months Represented by a macrophage, dendritic cell, or neutrophil A secondary lymphoid tissue (two words) _____ immunity, being a specific defense response, takes up to a week to become fully active This cell circulates in the blood and matures into a macrophage The _____ membranes form a moist layer over epithelial cells of the digestive and respiratory tracts Unit 5-page 12 FOM Chapter 21 – Resistance and the Immune System: Adaptive Immunity Preview: In Chapter 21, we will examine the other branch of the immune system, called adaptive immunity that arises from contact with a specific infectious disease agent. KEY CONCEPT 21.1 The Adaptive Immune Response Targets the Specific Invading Pathogen The Ability to Eliminate Pathogens Requires a Multifaceted Approach Adaptive immunity Key Responses of Adaptive Immunity Characteristic Importance Unit 5-page 13 Adaptive Immunity Generates Two Complementary Responses to Most Pathogens Humoral immune response generates antibodies to a specific pathogen in body fluids Cell-mediated immune response helps to eliminate pathogens in cells and tissues (see page 5-18) Unit 5-page 14 Antibody Responses to Pathogens Are of Two Types (modified Figure 21.6) Primary antibody response Secondary antibody response Antibodies Share a Common Structure Immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins (Figure 21.5A) There Are Five Immunoglobulin Classes (modified from Table 21.1) IgE IgD Unit 5-page 15 Three other classes are involved with infections Immunoglobulin Class Property IgG IgM IgA Subunits % in Serum Cross placenta Phagocyte binding Function Antibody Interactions Mediate the Disposal of Antigens (Pathogens) (modified Figure 21.8) Unit 5-page 16 Application: Blood testing The ELISA Blood Test Identifies Antibodies to a Specific Pathogen Unit 5-page 17 KEY CONCEPT 21.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity Detects and Eliminates Intracellular Pathogens Cell-Mediated Immunity Relies on T Lymphocyte Receptors and Recognition Subpopulations of T cell The Steps of a Cell-Mediated Immune Response (Figure 21.9) Unit 5-page 18 Unit 5-page 19 Key Concepts 21.1 – 21.3 SUMMARY How does adaptive immunity work? KC 21.1 Adaptive immunity has four responses when responding to an infection KC 21.2 The humoral response makes antibodies to pathogens in body fluids KC 21.1 Adaptive immunity involves humoral & cell-mediated immune responses KC 21.2 Antibodies identify pathogens for elimination KC 21.3 The cellmediated response attacks pathogens that have infected body cells Influences the outcome of an infection Specific, slow, and permanent response to a pathogen or vaccine Unit 5-page 20 Study Set 5b Student Test Prep Chapter 21 – Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] antibody antigen binding site antigen-presenting cell (APC) B lymphocyte (B cell) bone marrow cytokine cytotoxic T cell dendritic cell heavy chain immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain lymph node macrophage memory cell plasma cell spleen thymus T lymphocyte (T cell) Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words] After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to: 1. Define an antigen and an epitope. [FOM 10/e: p. 697] 2. List and describe the four key responses of adaptive immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 697-698] 3. Describe the roles for humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. [FOM 10e: pp. 698699] 4. Discuss how humoral immunity generates antibodies that are specific to a pathogen (antigen). [FOM 10/e: pp. 700-702] 5. Explain how primary and secondary antibody responses confer immunological memory and immunity to infectious agents. [FOM 10/e: pp. 705, 709] 6. Identify and provide the characteristics of the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes. [FOM 10/e: pp. 702, 704-705] 7. Describe the mechanisms for antigen clearance through antibody interactions in the body. [FOM 10/e: pp. 709-711] 8. Identify what the ELISA blood test is testing for and explain what the results mean. 9. Explain how cell-mediated immunity reacts to (a) trigger B cell activity and (b) kill virusinfected cells. Chapter Self-Test STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: Questions 2, 5-7 True-False: 14, 16, 18-21, 25-29, 31-33 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47 STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION Question: 52 Unit 5-page 21 MicroPuzzler 14 Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 19 22 23 Across Down 2. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. 9. 10. 11. 14. 15. 17. 19. 20. 21. 23. An effector molecule of humoral immunity A signaling molecule of adaptive immunity The largest antibody molecule and first to appear in the circulation after antigen stimulation The major circulating antibody A long-lived T- or B-cell in the body This blood test identifies antibodies to a specific pathogen (acronym) A secondary lymphoid tissue A type of antigen-presenting cell A type of T cell A discrete region on an antigen where an antibody binds Where T cells mature The cell controlling and regulating cell-mediated immunity An antigen-presenting cell A cell that secretes antibodies 5. 7. 12. 13. 14. 16. 18. 22. Unit 5-page 22 A macrophage or dendritic cell (acronym) Something provoking an immune response Where all lymphocytes arise (two words) Two _____ polypeptide chains form part of an antibody molecule The type of immune response to pathogens in fluids The class of proteins to which antibodies belong The smaller polypeptide chains of an antibody T-_____ cells bind to antigen-presenting cells Cell-_____ immunity destroys infected body cells A genetically identical population of cells An important type of white blood cell needed for humoral immunity The immunoglobulin class with four identical antigen-binding sites FOM Chapter 22 – Immunity and Serology Preview: We will finish Biology 205 by examining how immunity to disease can be generated through vaccination. KEY CONCEPT 22.1 Immunity to Disease Can Be Generated Naturally or Artificially Adaptive Immunity Can Result by Actively Producing Antibodies to an Antigen (Figure 22.2A, B) Adaptive Immunity Can Also Result by Passively Receiving Antibodies to an Antigen (Figure 22.2C, D) Unit 5-page 23 Whole Agent Vaccines Contain Weakened or Inactivated Antigens Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Type Preparation/Remarks Whole Agent (Classical) Unit 5-page 24 Newer Vaccines Contain Only Subunits or Fragments of Antigens Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines Type Preparation/Remarks Modern Group Some Vaccines Are Specifically Recommended for Adults Some Adult Vaccines Unit 5-page 25 Booster shots (immunizations) Inability of immune system to maintain life-long memory to some antigens Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs Herd immunity Herd immunity threshold ■ Do Vaccines Have Dangerous Side Effects? Symptoms often include: Unit 5-page 26 Key Concepts 22.1 SUMMARY What does a vaccine do? KC 22.1 Adaptive immunity can be generated naturally or artificially KC 22.1 Vaccines are made from the whole pathogen or pathogen subunits KC 22.1 Herd immunity protects populations from major epidemics or pandemics KC 22.1 Most vaccine side effects are mild and temporary Develops immunity by imitating an infection Causes the immune system to develop the same response as it would to a real infection and provides short-term or life-long immunity Unit 5-page 27 Study Set 5c Student Test Prep Chapter 22 – Immunity and Serology Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade] antiserum antitoxin serum vaccination Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words] After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to: 1. Contrast the forms of active immunity and passive immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 727-728, 734736] 2. Describe how vaccines work. [FOM 10/e: p. 728] 3. Identify the composition of whole-agent vaccines. [FOM 10/e: p. 728] 4. Differentiate between vaccines produced by using attenuated pathogens and inactivated pathogens. [FOM 10/e: pp. 728-730] 5. Describe the composition of toxoid vaccines. [FOM 10/e: p. 730] 6. Compare the preparation of subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. [FOM 10/e: pp. 732] 730- 7. Identify four vaccines that should be part of adult immunizations. [FOM 10/e: p. 732-734] 8. Assess the usefulness of booster shots. [FOM 10/e: p. 734] 9. Explain the generation of herd immunity and assess its role in disease prevention. [FOM 10/e: pp. 737-739] 10. Discuss the side effects that a vaccine may have. [FOM 10/e: pp. 739-740] Chapter Self-Test STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS Multiple choice: Questions 1-3, 5, 6 STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW Questions: 26-30 STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None Unit 5-page 28 MicroPuzzler 15 Immunity and Serology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 10 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 Across Down 2. 1. 5. 7. 9. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. The form of adaptive immunity where antibodies are acquired from another source Naturally acquired _____ immunity results from recovery from a disease A vaccine containing only parts of an antigen An antibody against a toxin A _____ vaccine consists of plasmids containing a gene from a viral or bacterial pathogen The vaccine consisting of a hapten and carrier protein Vaccination is an example of active immunity acquired in an _____ manner Referring to an additional dose of a vaccine given periodically The type of immunity conferred if the vast majority of a population is vaccinated The type of cells produced through a vaccination Most vaccines have been made from these types of pathogens (two words) 3. The fluid portion of the blood 4. A substance that prepares the immune system to protect the host from a pathogen 6. The type of vaccine produced from an inactivated bacterial toxin 8. Passage of IgG from mother to fetus is an example of passive immunity acquired in a _____ manner 10. Referring to a vaccine produced from pathogens that have been exposed to chemicals, heat, or radiation. 11. Referring to a vaccine containing a weakened pathogen 13. Used for artificially acquired passive immunity Unit 5-page 29 THE FINISH!! Unit 5-page 30