Download Adaptive Immunity

Unit 5
Host Resistance and the
Immune System
Unit 5-page 1
FOM Chapter 20 – Resistance and the Immune System:
Innate Immunity
Preview: In Chapter 20, we will learn about the branch of the immune system that
provides nonspecific defenses against pathogens and foreign substances.
KEY CONCEPT 20.1
The Immune System Is a Network of Cells and Molecules to
Defend Against Foreign Substances
 Blood Cells Form an Important Defense for Innate and Adaptive Immunity
 Leukocytosis
 Leukopenia
 The Lymphatic System Is Composed of Cells and Tissues Essential to Immune
Function
Unit 5-page 2
 Primary lymphoid tissues
 Secondary lymphoid tissues
Fig. 20.3A
 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Compose a Fully Functional Human Immune
System
 Innate Immunity
 Adaptive immunity
Unit 5-page 3
KEY CONCEPT 20.2
Surface Barriers Are Part of Innate Immunity
 Host Defensive Barriers Limit Pathogen Entry
First Line of Defense
Barrier
Example
What amazing facts did you learn from MicroFocus 20.1:
“Who Turned On the Spigot?”
Unit 5-page 4
KEY CONCEPT 20.3
Coordinated Cellular Defenses Respond to Pathogen Invasion
 If first line defenses cannot hold, pathogen invasion may occur
 Phagocytosis Is a Nonspecific Defense Mechanism to Clear Microbes from
Infected Tissues (modified from Figure 20.7)
Unit 5-page 5
 Inflammation Plays an Important Role in Fighting Infection (Figure 20.9)
Unit 5-page 6
 Moderate Fever Benefits Host defenses
 Caused by fever-triggering chemicals =
 Act on hypothalamus
 Low to moderate fever 39°- 40°C (102°-103°F) can be a good thing
KEY CONCEPT 20.4
Effector Molecules Damage Invading Pathogens
 Complement Marks Pathogens for Destruction
 Assist pathogen elimination
Unit 5-page 7
 Interferon Puts Cells in an Antiviral State(Figure 20.13)
Unit 5-page 8
Key Concepts 20.1 – 20.4
SUMMARY
How does innate immunity work?
KC 20.1 Leukocytes are
important cells to effective
immune defense
KC 20.2 Surface barriers to
colonization and infection
include physical, chemical,
and cellular defenses
KC 20.1 Immune defenses
consist of innate and
adaptive responses to
infection
KC 20.3 Second line
defenses include
phagocytosis,
inflammation, and fever
KC 20.4 Immune effector
molecules include
complement and
interferon
Influences the outcome of an infection
Nonspecific, rapid, and transient response
found in all animals
Unit 5-page 9
Study Set 5a
Student Test Prep
Chapter 20 – Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity
 Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade]
abscess
edema
lymph node
lymphocyte
macrophage
monocyte
mucous membrane
mucus
neutrophil
phagocyte
pyrogen
sebum
vasodilation
 Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words]
After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to:
1. Identify and differentiate between the different types of leukocytes important to immunity.
[FOM 10/e: pp. 670-672]
2. Explain the importance of the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and the role of lymph
nodes as a defense against pathogens. [FOM10/e: p. 672]
3. Assess the importance of the innate and adaptive immune responses. [FOM 10/e: p. 672674]
4. List and describe the physical, chemical, and cellular barriers against infection involved with
innate immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 675-676]
5. Explain the process of phagocytosis and identifying the types of leukocytes involved. [FOM
10/e: pp. 78-680]
6. Define inflammation and outlining the stages. [FOM 10/e: pp. 681-683]
7. Assess the cause and effect of fever on an infection or disease. [FOM 10/e: p. 683-684]
8. Describe how complement functions as an antimicrobial defense system. [FOM 10/e: pp.
686-687]
9. Explain how interferon puts cells in an antiviral state. [FOM 10/e: pp. 687, 689]
 Chapter Self-Test
STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS
 Multiple choice: 2-4, 7, 8, 10, 11
 Matching: 14, 16, 18-25
STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW
 Questions: 29, 31-33, 36
STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS
 Question: 37
STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None
Unit 5-page 10
MicroPuzzler 13
Resistance and the Immune System: Innate Immunity
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An oily substance secreted by the sebaceous
glands
Fluid accumulation during inflammation
Abnormally high body temperature
A cytokine that “alerts” cells to a viral threat
The predominant white blood cell in the blood
_____ immunity is a nonspecific defense response
A sticky secretion that traps microbes in the
respiratory tract
A nonspecific defense response to trauma
A key cell to adaptive immunity
Also called a boil
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Unit 5-page 11
A fever-producing substance
An effector molecule that marks pathogens for
destruction
A local expansion of blood vessels
Carried out by macrophages, neutrophils, and
dendritic cells
A blood cell having no pigment in the cytoplasm
A white blood cell that lives for several months
Represented by a macrophage, dendritic cell, or
neutrophil
A secondary lymphoid tissue (two words)
_____ immunity, being a specific defense
response, takes up to a week to become fully
active
This cell circulates in the blood and matures into a
macrophage
The _____ membranes form a moist layer over
epithelial cells of the digestive and respiratory
tracts
Unit 5-page 12
FOM Chapter 21 – Resistance and the Immune System:
Adaptive Immunity
Preview: In Chapter 21, we will examine the other branch of the immune system,
called adaptive immunity that arises from contact with a specific infectious disease
agent.
KEY CONCEPT 21.1
The Adaptive Immune Response Targets the Specific Invading
Pathogen
 The Ability to Eliminate Pathogens Requires a Multifaceted Approach
 Adaptive immunity
Key Responses of Adaptive Immunity
Characteristic
Importance
Unit 5-page 13
 Adaptive Immunity Generates Two Complementary Responses to Most
Pathogens
 Humoral immune response
generates antibodies to a specific
pathogen in body fluids
 Cell-mediated immune response
helps to eliminate pathogens in cells
and tissues
(see page 5-18)
Unit 5-page 14
 Antibody Responses to Pathogens Are of Two Types (modified Figure 21.6)
Primary antibody response
Secondary antibody response
 Antibodies Share a Common Structure
 Immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins (Figure 21.5A)
 There Are Five Immunoglobulin Classes (modified from Table 21.1)
 IgE
 IgD
Unit 5-page 15
 Three other classes are involved with infections
Immunoglobulin Class
Property
IgG
IgM
IgA
Subunits
% in Serum
Cross
placenta
Phagocyte
binding
Function
 Antibody Interactions Mediate the Disposal of Antigens (Pathogens)
(modified Figure 21.8)
Unit 5-page 16
Application: Blood testing
 The ELISA Blood Test Identifies Antibodies to a Specific Pathogen
Unit 5-page 17
KEY CONCEPT 21.3
Cell-Mediated Immunity Detects and Eliminates Intracellular
Pathogens
 Cell-Mediated Immunity Relies on T Lymphocyte Receptors and
Recognition
 Subpopulations of T cell
 The Steps of a Cell-Mediated Immune Response (Figure 21.9)
Unit 5-page 18
Unit 5-page 19
Key Concepts 21.1 – 21.3
SUMMARY
How does adaptive immunity work?
KC 21.1 Adaptive
immunity has four
responses when
responding to an infection
KC 21.2 The humoral
response makes
antibodies to pathogens
in body fluids
KC 21.1 Adaptive
immunity involves
humoral & cell-mediated
immune responses
KC 21.2 Antibodies
identify pathogens for
elimination
KC 21.3 The cellmediated response
attacks pathogens that
have infected body cells
Influences the outcome of an infection
Specific, slow, and permanent response
to a pathogen or vaccine
Unit 5-page 20
Study Set 5b
Student Test Prep
Chapter 21 – Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity
 Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade]
antibody
antigen binding site
antigen-presenting cell
(APC)
B lymphocyte (B cell)
bone marrow
cytokine
cytotoxic T cell
dendritic cell
heavy chain
immunoglobulin (Ig)
light chain
lymph node
macrophage
memory cell
plasma cell
spleen
thymus
T lymphocyte (T cell)
 Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words]
After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to:
1. Define an antigen and an epitope. [FOM 10/e: p. 697]
2. List and describe the four key responses of adaptive immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 697-698]
3. Describe the roles for humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. [FOM 10e: pp. 698699]
4. Discuss how humoral immunity generates antibodies that are specific to a pathogen (antigen).
[FOM 10/e: pp. 700-702]
5. Explain how primary and secondary antibody responses confer immunological memory and
immunity to infectious agents. [FOM 10/e: pp. 705, 709]
6. Identify and provide the characteristics of the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes. [FOM 10/e: pp.
702, 704-705]
7. Describe the mechanisms for antigen clearance through antibody interactions in the body.
[FOM 10/e: pp. 709-711]
8. Identify what the ELISA blood test is testing for and explain what the results mean.
9. Explain how cell-mediated immunity reacts to (a) trigger B cell activity and (b) kill virusinfected cells.
 Chapter Self-Test
STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS
 Multiple choice: Questions 2, 5-7
 True-False: 14, 16, 18-21, 25-29, 31-33
STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW
 Questions: 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47
STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None
STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION
 Question: 52
Unit 5-page 21
MicroPuzzler 14
Resistance and the Immune System: Acquired Immunity
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An effector molecule of humoral immunity
A signaling molecule of adaptive immunity
The largest antibody molecule and first to appear in
the circulation after antigen stimulation
The major circulating antibody
A long-lived T- or B-cell in the body
This blood test identifies antibodies to a specific
pathogen (acronym)
A secondary lymphoid tissue
A type of antigen-presenting cell
A type of T cell
A discrete region on an antigen where an antibody
binds
Where T cells mature
The cell controlling and regulating cell-mediated
immunity
An antigen-presenting cell
A cell that secretes antibodies
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Unit 5-page 22
A macrophage or dendritic cell (acronym)
Something provoking an immune response
Where all lymphocytes arise (two words)
Two _____ polypeptide chains form part of an
antibody molecule
The type of immune response to pathogens in fluids
The class of proteins to which antibodies belong
The smaller polypeptide chains of an antibody
T-_____ cells bind to antigen-presenting cells
Cell-_____ immunity destroys infected body cells
A genetically identical population of cells
An important type of white blood cell needed for
humoral immunity
The immunoglobulin class with four identical
antigen-binding sites
FOM Chapter 22 – Immunity and Serology
Preview: We will finish Biology 205 by examining how immunity to disease can be
generated through vaccination.
KEY CONCEPT 22.1
Immunity to Disease Can Be Generated Naturally or
Artificially
 Adaptive Immunity Can Result by Actively Producing Antibodies to an Antigen
(Figure 22.2A, B)
 Adaptive Immunity Can Also Result by Passively Receiving Antibodies to an
Antigen (Figure 22.2C, D)
Unit 5-page 23
 Whole Agent Vaccines Contain Weakened or Inactivated Antigens
Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines
Type
Preparation/Remarks
Whole Agent (Classical)
Unit 5-page 24
 Newer Vaccines Contain Only Subunits or Fragments of Antigens
Some Bacterial and Viral Vaccines
Type
Preparation/Remarks
Modern Group
 Some Vaccines Are Specifically Recommended for Adults
Some Adult Vaccines
Unit 5-page 25
 Booster shots (immunizations)
 Inability of immune system to maintain life-long memory to some antigens
 Herd Immunity Results from Effective Vaccination Programs
 Herd immunity
 Herd immunity threshold
■ Do Vaccines Have Dangerous Side Effects?
 Symptoms often include:
Unit 5-page 26
Key Concepts 22.1
SUMMARY
What does a vaccine do?
KC 22.1 Adaptive
immunity can be
generated naturally or
artificially
KC 22.1 Vaccines are
made from the whole
pathogen or pathogen
subunits
KC 22.1 Herd immunity
protects populations from
major epidemics or
pandemics
KC 22.1 Most vaccine side
effects are mild and
temporary
Develops immunity by imitating an infection
Causes the immune system to develop the same response as it
would to a real infection and provides short-term or
life-long immunity
Unit 5-page 27
Study Set 5c
Student Test Prep
Chapter 22 – Immunity and Serology
 Vocabulary [A stronger vocabulary often means a better grade]
antiserum
antitoxin
serum
vaccination
 Objective Questions [Answer these in your own words]
After understanding the classroom material and textbook reading, you should be able to:
1. Contrast the forms of active immunity and passive immunity. [FOM 10/e: pp. 727-728, 734736]
2. Describe how vaccines work. [FOM 10/e: p. 728]
3. Identify the composition of whole-agent vaccines. [FOM 10/e: p. 728]
4. Differentiate between vaccines produced by using attenuated pathogens and inactivated
pathogens. [FOM 10/e: pp. 728-730]
5. Describe the composition of toxoid vaccines. [FOM 10/e: p. 730]
6. Compare the preparation of subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. [FOM 10/e: pp.
732]
730-
7. Identify four vaccines that should be part of adult immunizations. [FOM 10/e: p. 732-734]
8. Assess the usefulness of booster shots. [FOM 10/e: p. 734]
9. Explain the generation of herd immunity and assess its role in disease prevention. [FOM
10/e: pp. 737-739]
10. Discuss the side effects that a vaccine may have. [FOM 10/e: pp. 739-740]
 Chapter Self-Test
STEP A: REVIEW OF FACTS AND TERMS
 Multiple choice: Questions 1-3, 5, 6
STEP B: CONCEPT REVIEW
 Questions: 26-30
STEP C: APPLICATIONS AND PROBLEMS: None
STEP D: QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND DISCUSSION: None
Unit 5-page 28
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The form of adaptive immunity where antibodies
are acquired from another source
Naturally acquired _____ immunity results from
recovery from a disease
A vaccine containing only parts of an antigen
An antibody against a toxin
A _____ vaccine consists of plasmids containing a
gene from a viral or bacterial pathogen
The vaccine consisting of a hapten and carrier
protein
Vaccination is an example of active immunity
acquired in an _____ manner
Referring to an additional dose of a vaccine given
periodically
The type of immunity conferred if the vast majority
of a population is vaccinated
The type of cells produced through a vaccination
Most vaccines have been made from these types of
pathogens (two words)
3. The fluid portion of the blood
4. A substance that prepares the immune system to
protect the host from a pathogen
6. The type of vaccine produced from an inactivated
bacterial toxin
8. Passage of IgG from mother to fetus is an example
of passive immunity acquired in a _____ manner
10. Referring to a vaccine produced from pathogens
that have been exposed to chemicals, heat, or
radiation.
11. Referring to a vaccine containing a weakened
pathogen
13. Used for artificially acquired passive immunity
Unit 5-page 29
THE FINISH!!
Unit 5-page 30