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Robert Hooke (1635-1703) English natural philosopher “By the help of microscopes, there is nothing so small, as to escape our inquiry; hence there is new visible world discovered to the understanding.” • The first person too see a cell under a microscope • The first to describe the unit life to be called a cell • He Invented the compound microscope • He became a scientist in the year 1655 when he was only 20 years old • When Robert Hooke was 27 years old he was appointed Curator of Experiments Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch microbiologist “In the year of 1657 I discovered a very small living creature in rain water” • He did pioneering work in the field of microscopy • The first human to observe microorganisms in pond water – he called these animacules • Used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water • He contributed towards the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline • Made more than 500 optical lenses • Created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived • His scientific research was of remarkably high quality Robert Brown (1773 - 1858) - Scottish botanist l l l l l l Discovered the nucleus in plant cells Developed an alternative plant classification system Worked as a naturalist for an expedition to the sea that lasted four years Collected over 4000 samples of plants and at least 1700 of them were new species. Established the botanical department in the British Museum which was notable for being the first nationally owned collection of such material Discovered the continuous motion of minute partials, later named the Brownian Motion ‘These motions were such as to satisfy me, after frequently repeated observation, that they arose neither from currents in the fluid, nor from its gradual evaporation, but belonged to the particle itself.” ~ Summary of Brownian motion Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) German botanist “New cells must have propagated from the nuclei of old cells” • Along with Robert Hooke, Matthias was the co-founder of the cell theory which states that the basic units of living organisms structure are all cells. • Matthias was a professor at universities of Jena • He concluded that all plants were made of cells • Matthias concluded (as seen in the quote below) that all cells come from another cell before them • He also discovered that the nucleus is the core element of a cell Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) German physiologist • Defined the cell as the basic unit of not only plant but also animal structure • His discovery linked the cells in plants and animals • Coined the term metabolism • Discovered Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system • Discovered and studied pepsin (digestive enzyme) • Discovered the striated muscle in the upper esophagus Quote: “The cause of nutrition and growth resides not in the organism as a whole but in the separate elementary parts – the cells.“ Carl Nägeli (1817-1891) Swiss botanist • His main studies included things like pollination and cell division • He studied a lot on genetics, and started the further work on genetics with his studies • He made a lot of improvements on the work of genetics • He and a co-worker were the first scientists to work on the cell wall • He graduated from the University of Freiburg • He is heavily known for his work on chromosomes • No quotes were available for Carl Nägeli Rudolf Virchow (1821 – 1902) - German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, writer, editor and politician Virchow’s key achievements: • Proposed that all cells result from the division of existing cells • Known as the ‘father of pathology’ – medical field concerned with diseases • Virchow believed that diseases result from changes in specific groups of cells • Discovered extra white blood cells in cancer patients, named the condition a blood disease and called it Leukämie “Science in itself is nothing, for it exists only in the human beings who are its bearers.”