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New Look at Living Things • 1600s scientists observed cells – Most did not understand what they saw • 1838 – cell theory – All things are made up of tiny units of matter called cells – These cells divide and multiply – They cause organisms to grow and mature – Developed by Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann The Diversity of Life • Cell theory failed to explain plants and animal varieties • 1800s theory of evolution was proposed • Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck found similarities in fossils and living organisms • Charles Darwin built on Lamarck’s idea – Evolution based on natural selection Development of Genetics • Gregor Mendel – Experimented with pea plants – Trying to understand how characteristics passed between generations – He discovered a gene • Founded the study of Genetics Medical Advances • Fighting Diseases – 1796 Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine – Louis Pasteur recognized the impact of bacteria causing disease • Showed bacteria could be killed • New Approaches to Surgery – Sir James Simpson discovered chloroform – Joseph Lister introduced methods to sterilize instruments Breakthroughs in Physics • Atomic theory – all matter is made up of atoms – John Dalton provided proof • Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X rays • Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium • Max Planck theorized that energy is released in units called quanta Social Sciences • People started using scientific method to study human behavior – Auguste Comte believed there was a set of laws to human behavior – Father of sociology • Sociology – study of human behavior in groups • Psychology – study of human behavior in individuals • Ivan Pavlov – noted that human actions are unconscious • Sigmund Freud – father of psychoanalysis