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Biology: Exam 1 Material -SCIENTIFIC METHOD -KINGDOMS -THE CELL The Scientific Method The Scientific Method: What is it? A way to answer scientific questions using 6 steps. The Scientific Method: Steps 1. Ask a Question 2. Do Background 3. 4. 5. 6. Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where? And, in order for the scientific method to answer the question it must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number. The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question. The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your experiment to be a fair test. You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same. You should also repeat your experiments several times to make sure that the first results weren't just an accident. The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion: Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if your hypothesis is true or false. Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false, and in such cases they will construct a new hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific method over again. Even if they find that their hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in a new way. The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed Communicate Your Results: To complete your science fair project you will communicate your results to others in a final report and/or a display board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the same thing by publishing their final report in a scientific journal or by presenting their results on a poster at a scientific meeting. Kingdoms Kingdoms: What does this mean? There are 6 kingdoms of life. They are used for classification of living things. These kingdoms are based on how living things are the same and how they are different. Kingdoms: What are they? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom. Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Unicellular (one cell) found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments. Kingdoms: Eubacteria Unicellular Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different. Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. Kingdoms: Protista Slime molds and algae are protists. Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi. Most protists are unicellular. Kingdoms: Fungi Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi. Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells. Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food. Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil. Kingdoms: Plantae Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells. With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom. Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees. In addition plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth. Kingdoms: Animalia The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs. Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world. The Cell The Cell: What does it do? Cells make up all living things The purpose of cells is to keep the organism it is supporting alive. Cells can reproduce by the minute. When an organism dies, the cells die. The Cell: Types There are two types of cells ¡ 1) Prokaryotic ÷ The simplest type of cells were most likely the first type of cells that formed on Earth. These are called prokaryotic cells. ÷ All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular, meaning the entire organism is only one cell. ¡ 2) Eukaryotic ÷ The other, much more complex, type of cell is called the eukaryotic cell. ÷ there are many more organelles within eukaryotic cells ÷ Most eukaryotic organisms are multicellular. This allows the eukaryotic cells within the organism to become specialized The Cell: Parts of a Plant Cell Cell Wall- a stiff covering that protects plant cells Chloroplast-a green structure in a plant Cytoplasm-the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. Mitochondrion-produces energy in the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum-transportation network Nucleus-control center of the cell Vacuole-Vacuole-cell storage sac for food, waste and water The Cell: Parts of an Animal Cell Vacuole-cell storage sac for food,waste, and water Mitochondrion –produces energy in a cell Chromosomes-provides direction for cells to follow Nucleus-control center of a cell Endoplasmic Reticulum--transportation system Cytoplasm-gel like substance found in a cell Cell Membrane- surrounds cell material References http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair- projects/project_scientific_method.shtml http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/ Index.htm http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_main.html http://science.pppst.com/cells.html http://evolution.about.com/od/Overview/a/TypesOf-Cells.htm