Download BI 112 Instructor: Waite Exam #4 Study Guide Cell Membrane

BI 112
Instructor: Waite
Exam #4 Study Guide
Cell Membrane
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Know the 4 critical functions of cell membranes
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Understand the primary structural component of the membrane is the phospholipid, and
understand the unique properties of the phospholipid that make it perfectly suited to the
plasma membrane
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Know the other components of the cell membrane and their functions
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Know that the cell membrane is fundamentally non-polar
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Be able to label the components of the cell membrane on the diagrams on pages 4-5 and 4-7
of your study guide
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Know the 5 functions of membrane proteins
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Know the functions of cholesterol in the membrane
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Know the functions of carbohydrates in the membrane
Cytoplasm
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Know the two components of the cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles)
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Know the specific benefit of membrane-bound organelles that allows eukaryotic cells to be
larger than prokaryotic cells
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Be able to explain the relationship between surface area and volume, and why overall cells
stay small
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Know which organelles are membrane-bound and which are not
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Know that a cell’s primary function is the production and management of protein
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Know the path of protein production, and the role of each organelle in that process
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Know what determines whether a protein will be produced by a free ribosome or by a
ribosome on the rER
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Know the function of the sER
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Know what happens to proteins in the Golgi, and where vesicles from the Golgi end up
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Know what the following vesicles are, and their functions: lysosome, peroxisome, phagosome,
endosome
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Know the structure and function of the mitochondria; know its role in the use of oxygen and
in the generation of CO2 and ATP
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Know the 4 primary components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, intermediate filaments,
microfilaments, thick filaments), and the principal functions of each component
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Know the 3 cellular extensions (cilia, flagella, and microvilli); know that all of them are
derived from the cytoskeleton and are based on microtubules; know the differences
between them, and principal functions of each
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Know that the nucleus is membrane-bound, what it contains, and why this material is so
important
BI 112
Instructor: Waite
Exam #4 Study Guide
Crossing Cell Membranes
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Know the definition of diffusion
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Know how to determine the direction that a dissolved solute will flow through a semipermeable membrane
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Know how solute concentration changes when the solute is an electrolyte vs a nonelectrolyte
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Know that all types of diffusion are passive, and what that term means
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Know the difference between simple diffusion, channel-mediated diffusion, and carriermediated diffusion
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Know what type of solutes are able to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion and
which must pass through by facilitated diffusion
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Know the factors that influence the rate of diffusion
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Know the difference between diffusion and osmosis; know when osmosis occurs compared to
diffusion
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Know how to determine the direction of osmotic water flow between two different solutions
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Know the difference between a penetrating or diffusible solute and a non-penetrating or
non-diffusible solute
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Know the definition of tonicity and how to determine whether a given solution is hypertonic,
isotonic, or hypotonic
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Know the effect that tonicity has on a living cell (shrinks, swells) and why
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Know the different types of energy-dependent membrane transport (primary active
transport, secondary active transport, filtration, endocytosis, exocytosis)
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Know the type of energy that drives each type of energy-dependent transport (ATP, solute
gradient, pressure gradient)
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Know the difference between symport and antiport
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Know what clathrin is, and the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis; know what happens
to the clathrin once the vesicle has entered the cell
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Know the difference between receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis;
know what each process brings into the cell and how the vesicles differ in size
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Know the process of exocytosis
Membrane Potential
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Be able to define membrane potential
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Know that ions of like charge are repelled by each other; ions of opposite charge are
attracted to each other
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Be able to describe how membrane potential develops
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Know some of the ways that cells use membrane potential
BI 112
Instructor: Waite
Exam #4 Study Guide
DNA
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Know that only DNA is required for genetic information storage and transfer; protein is not
involved
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Know that most DNA is located in the nucleus
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Know that the DNA molecule is large and delicate and must be protected
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Know that DNA is highly organized and wrapped around proteins called histones; the DNAhistone complex is known as chromatin
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Know that DNA is subdivided into chromosomes of varying size
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Know the definition of a gene and a locus
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Know that the locus of a specific gene will be the same for every member of a species
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Know that DNA codes for individual amino acids with a DNA triplet
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Know the difference between the template strand and the coding strand of DNA
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Know that genetic information is transferred to the cytoplasm in the form of a temporary
copy known as mRNA
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Know that the process of the information encoding by DNA being copied into mRNA is called
transcription; know the steps of transcription and what happens at each step; know the
enzyme complex involved in transcription is called RNA polymerase
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Know that the DNA triplet emerges in mRNA as a codon
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Know the different bases used in DNA vs RNA and how they pair
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Understand how RNA is processed after transcription before it is translated; know the
difference between introns and exons, which one codes for protein, and the 2 main
advantages of storing coding information in this way
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Know what alternative splice products or splice isoforms are
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Know the definition of translation
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Be able to describe how all 3 forms of RNA work together to translate genetic code into
protein
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Know the structure of a tRNA molecule (what an anticodon is and what it does; that a tRNA
is attached to a specific amino acid)
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Be able to describe the basic process of translation
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Be able to translate a given set of codons when provided with the universal genetic code
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Know the definition of a mutation and some possible sources of mutation
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Know the 4 different types of mutation discussed in class, including a frameshift (which is
really a possible consequence of one of the other types of mutation)
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Be able to describe potential consequences for the cell of any one of these mutations