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Chapter 2 Reading Guide
The Chemical Level of Organization
Section 2.1 How Matter is Organized
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Section 2.1 Chemical Bonds
1. Define ion and ionic bond.
2. What is an electrolyte?
3. Covalent (or molecular) compounds are the most common bonds in the body. What defines a covalent
bond? (SEE HANDOUT FOR DEFINITION OF SINGLE, TRIPLE AND DOUBLE BONDS)
4. The basic idea is that atoms bond in order to establish a stable electron configuration which in most cases
means they will have either 2 (for H or He) or 8 electrons in their outer electron shell (octet rule). If a
compound is ionic or covalent and the type of covalent bond that forms depends on the difference in
electronegativity. Define electronegativity. (SEE HANDOUT)
5. Describe the difference between a nonpolar covalent and polar covalent bond.
6. A _________________________________ is a special type of bond that forms between the partially
positive hydrogen atoms and other partially negative atoms (most often oxygen and nitrogen).
7. Label the following diagram showing the distribution of charges in a water molecule.
STOP & WATCH:
BS: Water a Polar Molecule http://www.bozemanscience.com/water-a-polar-molecule
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Section 2.3 Chemical Reactions
8. As noted in Chapter 1, metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body. Energy is
involved in every chemical reaction. Explain how living organisms adhere to the law of conservation of
energy?
9. Explain what is meant by this statement: “A key feature of the body’s metabolism is the coupling of
exergonic and endergonic reactions.” Define any terms needed.
10. What is activation energy? List and briefly explain the factors that influence the chance that a collision will
occur and that a reaction will happen.
11. What are catalysts? What are the most important catalysts in the body?
STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Enzymes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ok9esggzN18
12. Identify the following type of reactions using the information on page 39.
a. BiCl3(aq) + H2O(l)
BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq)
b. CO 2 + H2O ---> C6H12O 6 + O 2
c. CaCO 3 + HCl ---> CaCl2 + H2CO 3
d. Na 2CO 3 ---> Na 2O + CO 2
13. ______________________ refers to the loss of electrons and when substances are oxidized energy is
______________________.
14. ______________________ refers to the gain of electrons and when substances are reduced energy is
______________________.
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Section 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
15. What is an inorganic compound and provide some examples of inorganic compounds commonly found in
the body? What percentage of the body is inorganic?
16. What is an organic compound and provide some examples of inorganic compounds commonly found in the
body? What percentage of the body is organic compounds?
17. Summarize why is water critical to maintaining life.
18. Define and describe the properties of the three different types of mixtures below:
a. Solution –
b. Colloid –
c. Suspension –
19. What are the two ways that concentration can be measured?
20. When an acid dissociates (separates into ions) it produces ______________________ ions. What is the
other way that an acid can be defined?
21. When a base dissociates it produces ______________________ ions. What is the other way that a base
can be defined?
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22. What is the role of salts in the body? How are salts formed?
23. In order to maintain the pH of substances in the body, a buffer system is used. What is a buffer system and
what is one of the most important buffer systems in the body?
STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Acids, Bases & pH http://www.bozemanscience.com/acids-bases-ph
BZS: pH & Buffers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIvEvwViJGk
Section 2.5 Organic Compounds
24. Explain the properties of carbon and carbon-containing molecules, that make it useful in living organisms.
25. The basic make-up of an organic compound are the carbons making the ___________________________.
When hydrogens are attached to this, you can refer to that compound as a _________________________.
Attached to these basic units are _______________________________ which confers characteristic
chemical properties to each molecule.
26. Define the following terms:
a. Macromolecules –
b. Polymers –
c. Monomer –
d. Isomers –
STOP & WATCH:
CC: Functional Groups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlXc_eEtBHA
BZS: Biological Molecules http://www.bozemanscience.com/042-biologoical-molecules
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27. Explain the process of dehydration synthesis. What is opposite reaction of dehydration synthesis?
STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Polymers http://www.bozemanscience.com/polymers
Carbohydrates
28. Carbohydrates include:
29. Percent of human body:
30. Main function in humans and animals:
31. Elements found in carbohydrates:
32. Define the three main groups:
a. Monosaccharides –
b. Disaccharides –
c. Polysaccharide –
i. Glycogen –
ii. Starches iii. Cellulose –
STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Carbohydrates http://www.bozemanscience.com/carbohydrates
Lipids
33. Lipids include:
34. Percent of the human body:
35. Main characteristic:
36. Elements found in lipids:
37. Main function in humans and animals:
38. What is a lipoprotein and why do they form?
39. The book list 5 main categories of lipids. Below, summarize the important information about each group.
a. Fatty Acids –
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b. Triglycerides –
c. Phospholipids –
d. Steroids –
e. Other Lipids –
STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Lipids http://www.bozemanscience.com/lipids
Proteins
40. Percent of human body:
41. Main function in humans and animals:
42. Elements found in proteins:
43. Monomers of proteins:
44. Below is a figure showing the basic structure of an amino acid.
How many different amino acids form the proteins in the body?
45. Why is a protein also called a polypeptide?
46. Proteins are initially made with proteins being linked in a linear fashion, like a string of pearls. This is
known as the primary structure of the protein. In order to become functional, a protein must be “folded”
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to obtain their secondary, tertiary structure. Multiple proteins can be combined to form a quaternary
structure. What is the name of the protein that functions to help fold proteins?
47. Define the two types of proteins based on overall shape and give and give an example of each.
a. Fibrous proteins –
b. Globular proteins –
48. What causes a protein to become denatured and what specifically does it mean?
49. What are the two portions of some enzymes?
50. What are the three important properties of enzymes?
STOP & WATCH:
What is a Protein?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRFIMcxZNM
BZS Proteins: http://www.bozemanscience.com/proteins
BZS Enzymes: http://www.bozemanscience.com/048-enyzmes
Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
51. Elements in nucleic acids:
52. Function of DNA:
Function of RNA:
53. What are the three components of DNA?
54. What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
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STOP & WATCH:
BZS: Nucleic Acid http://www.bozemanscience.com/nucleic-acids
ATP
55. What does ATP stand for and what is the molecule used for in the body?
56. Where does the cell get the energy required to produce ATP?
57. What are the two phases of cellular respiration? Which phase produces more ATP?
STOP & WATCH
BZS: ATP https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GMLIMIVUvo
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