Download Diversity of Life

Diversity of Life
Classification
Characteristics of Living Things
1.
All living things are made of cells.
2.
All living things reproduce.
3.
All living things grow and develop.
4.
All living things respond to stimuli in their environment.
5.
All living things use energy.
6.
All living things exchange gases.
7.
All Living things contain similar chemicals.
What do Living Things Need to Survive?
1.
Food
2.
Water
3.
Living space
4.
Stable internal condition (homeostasis)
Hierarchy of Life
biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organ system
organ
tissue
cell
Hierarchy of Life
1.
Cells – the basic unit of life
2.
Tissues – made of cells with common structure and function
3.
Organs – similar tissues working together
4.
Organ system – two or more organs working together to perform a major life function
5.
Organism – all the organ systems that work together to create a multicellular organism
6.
Population – organisms of the same species
7.
Community – interacting populations in the same area
8.
Ecosystem – communities and their abiotic factors
9.
Biosphere – the part of the planet that supports life
Synthesis Question 1
In Biology there exists several different classification methods for various concepts. For the
organism concept, there is the hierarchy of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism.
In no more than three sentences, explain what is meant
by the levels: tissues, organs, and organ systems.
How Do You Organize (or Classify)?
Your Closet
The Silverware Drawer
How Will You Organize or Classify?
Procedure
Think It Over
▪ You will be given a bag of various items. Your
job is to organize them.
▪ What characteristics did you use to group
your items?
▪ Examine the objects and decide on at least
three groups into which you can classify them.
▪ Did other classmates use the same
characteristics? How did their groups
compare to yours?
▪ Place each object into one of the groups based
on how the items features match the
characteristics of the group.
▪ You will compare your classification system
with those of your classmates.
▪ Why do you think it is advantageous for
scientists to use one standard classification
system to place organisms into groups?
Classifying Life
Video
Classification – the process of grouping things based on similarities
This makes studying organisms easier. If you know how an organism is classified, you can
determine characteristics of the organism.
Taxonomy – the scientific study of how organisms are classified
Carolus Linnaeus – considered the Father of Taxonomy
His system of classification grouped organisms based on their observable characteristics.
His system has two groups: Plantae and Animalia
Binomial Nomenclature – “two name naming system”; each species has a unique name
If we just used common names, there would be a lot of confusion . Think about “sea lions”
and “jellyfish”.
Classifying Life: Rules of Binomial Nomenclature
Uses the Latin language to name organisms. This is because Latin is a “dead” language and will
never change.
If it is printed, then it is italicized. If it is handwritten, then it is underlined.
Genus – the first word in an organism’s scientific name; this is a group of closely related
organisms.
▪ The first letter is capitalized.
▪ Organisms in the genus Felis, like the puma and the house cat, share characteristics such as sharp
retractable claws and behaviors such as hunting other animals.
Classifying Life: Rules of Binomial Nomenclature
Species – the second word in an organism’s scientific name
▪ This word is not capitalized.
▪ A species is a group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can mate
and reproduce.
▪ This name often describes a distinctive characteristic like where it is found, its appearance, or who
discovered it.
Acer rubrum
“Red maple”
Acer saccharum
“Sweet maple”
Classifying Life: Current Classification Levels
Today many levels have been added.
The broadest level is domain and the
smallest, most specific level is species.
The more levels two organisms share, the
more characteristics they have in common
and the more closely they are related.
Classifying Life: Current Classification Levels
Classifying Life: Current Classification Levels
Classifying Life: How to Remember
D
Dear
K
King
P
Phillip
C
Came
O
Over
F
For
G
Green
S
Soup
Classifying Life: Foldable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Label each classification level in order on the front of your foldable.
Write “Levels of Classification” down the left side of your foldable, leaving room for the common
name of the creature you choose.
Cut the horizontal lines on your foldable.
Glue down the strip on the left where you wrote “Levels of Classification”.
Choose a creature to research. Write the common name of that creature along the left margin where
you wrote “Levels of Classification”.
Find each classification level for the organism that you have chosen and write it behind the
appropriate tab.
Write two facts about organisms in that level of classification.
This graphic organizer will be for a grade.
▪ Each tab is worth 4 points (labelled correctly, name of classification level of your organism and two
facts). 32 points total
▪ Left margin includes “Levels of Classification” and name of the creature you chose. 4 points total
▪ Overall neatness and presentation. 4 points total
Classifying: Example
Write a yes/no question about the
shoes that would divide them into
two groups.
Classifying Life: Taxonomic Key
Taxonomic Keys
▪ Useful tools that help determine the identity of organisms
▪ A series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics
▪ Each statement that matches the organism leads to a new pair of statements
and eventually the identification of the organism.
▪ Also called dichotomous key
Classifying Life: Taxonomic Key
Classifying Life: Taxonomic Key
A Key to New Pamishan
Domains and Kingdoms
Today, the most commonly used classification system is the three-domain system. A domain is the
broadest level of classification. All life can be classified into one of these three domains.
The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdoms – the second broadest classification level
Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on three things:
1. Cell type:
prokaryotic – unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus and other organelles
2. Way they obtain energy (get food):
autotrophs – make their own food
heterotroph – cannot make their own food
3. Number of cells:
unicellular – made of one cell
multicellular – made of many cells
Domain Bacteria
▪ Found all around us!
▪ Kingdom: Eubacteria
1. Cell type: prokaryotes
2. Way they obtain energy: some autotrophs, others heterotrophs
3. Number of cells: unicellular
Examples:
▪ Lactobacillus acidophilus found in yogurt.
▪ Escherichia coli found in our gut to aid in digestion.
▪ Staphlyococcus pneumoniae which causes pneumonia.
Domain Archaea
▪ Found in some of the most extreme environments on Earth. Differ
from bacteria in their chemical make-up and cell structure.
▪ Kingdom: Archaea
1. Cell type: prokaryotes
2. Way they obtain energy: some autotrophs, others heterotrophs
3. Number of cells: unicellular
Examples:
▪ Halobacterium found in salt environments.
▪ Sulfur loving bacterium found near deep sea vents.
▪ Thermophiles found in hot springs.
Domain Eukarya
▪ Organisms with cells that contain nuclei.
▪ Kingdom: protists, fungi, plants, and animals
1. Cell type: eukaryotic
2. Way they obtain energy: some autotrophs, others heterotrophs
3. Number of cells: some unicellular, others multicellular
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Domains and Kingdoms
Video Summary
Kingdom Protista
▪ All protists are eukaryotes who live in moist environments.
▪ This kingdom is VERY DIVERSE!
▪ Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular.
▪ Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs, and others are both.
▪ Some cannot move, others can zoom through their moist surroundings.
▪ Three major groups:
▪ Animal-like protists
▪ Plant-like protists
▪ Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Protista: Animal-like Protists
▪
▪
▪
▪
Also known as “protozoans”
Heterotrophs
Unicellular
Move to get food, to catch and eat other organisms
1. Move by pseudopods (“false foot”) – extensions of the cell membrane and
cytoplasm to push the protozoan along (example of Amoeba)
2. Move by flagella – long, whip-like structure
3. Move by cilia – hair-like projections that move with a wavelike motion
(ex. Paramecium)
4. Some are parasites and can produce disease
Kingdom Protista: Plant-like Protists
Also known as “algae”
Autotrophs
Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular
These protists live in the upper layers of water bodies where light penetrates.
This allows them to perform photosynthesis.
▪ They are a food source for aquatic organisms.
▪
▪
▪
▪
Kingdom Protista: Fungus-Like Protists
▪ Heterotrophs – decomposers (feed on dead and decaying organisms)
▪ Can move at some point in their life cycle
1. Slime molds – live on forest floors
2. Water molds – live in water, look like black fuzz
3. Downy mildews – live in water
Kingdom Protista
Video Summary
Kingdom Fungi
▪ Fungi are mainly soil dwelling decomposers.
▪ Eukaryotes
▪ Heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food
▪ Use spores to reproduce
▪ Thrive in moist, warm places
Body Structure:
▪ Cells are arranged in structures call hyphae. These
are branching, threadlike tubes that make up the
bodies of multicellular fungi.
Kingdom Fungi: Ecological Impacts of Fungi
1. They are important decomposers. They recycle important nutrients back
to the soil.
2. Disease-fighting fungus – a fungus named Penicillium was discovered as a
substance that killed bacteria. Many antibiotics have been developed from
fungi.
3. Disease-causing fungus – many fungi are parasites that cause serious disease in
plants; for example, Dutch Elm Disease. Others cause disease in humans; for
example, athlete’s foot fungus.
Kingdom Fungi: Ecological Impacts of Fungi
Discovery of Penicillin
Bacteria
▪
▪
▪
▪
All are prokaryotes – they do NOT have a nucleus
Some are autotrophs, others are heterotrophs
Most are harmless.
They are essential for life to exist.
Two Domains of Prokaryotic Bacteria:
1. Domain Bacteria
These live in conditions that humans and other living things live in.
2. Domain Archaea (extremeophiles)
These live in extreme environments: hot springs, extremely salty lakes,
mud and other places with no oxygen.
Bacterial Structure
▪ All are unicellular
▪ They have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material.
▪ Most have a cell wall. This is different than a plant cell wall. It is a protective
layer.
▪ Some have a capsule that covers the cell wall. This is actually the part that
makes people sick.
▪ Some have a flagella, or cilia.
Bacterial Shape
▪ Three basic shapes:
▪ Cocci – round
▪ Bacilli – rod
▪ Helical – spiral
Role of Bacteria in Nature
Bacteria have many helpful roles. We depend on them for many things.
1. Oxygen production
2. Food production
Many foods are produced by the action of bacteria; yogurt, sour cream, cheese.
Some bacteria make food spoil.
3. Health and medicine
Bacteria in our bodies help digest food, make vitamins, and crowd out harmful
bacteria.
Some bacteria are used to make medicines, such as insulin.
4. Ecological impact
Important nutrient recyclers/decomposers.
Some can clean up the environment, like “eating” oil from oil spills.
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria: The Good, the Bad, the Kinda Gross
Extremophile Hunter