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BI 102 – General Biology Instructor: Waite 1 Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1 Quiz 1: Covers Lectures 1, 2 Exam 1: Covers Lecture 1, 2, 4, 5, Lab 1 Introduction to biology • Know the 10 properties or traits that something must display in order to be considered alive • Know why a virus is not considered to be alive • Define the following terms: metabolism, homeostasis, heritable, adapt, evolve • Be able to describe the difference between adapting and evolving • Know the 4 classes of biomolecules Scientific Method • Know the 6 steps of the scientific method in order; given a series of steps in solving a problem, be able to identify the steps of the scientific method • Be able to define and differentiate between the following; given examples, be able to identify each of the following… • Hypothesis • Theory • Scientific theory • Law Water • Know why water is so important for life • Understand the features of a water molecule that give water its unique properties • Understand what a hydrogen bond is • Given a diagram of a water molecule, show where the partial charges are; show how one water molecule interacts with other water molecules through hydrogen bonding • Be able to define and differentiate between adhesion and cohesion; know the property of water that allows it to be both cohesive and adhesive; know the phenomena that result from the interplay between these forces • Know what a surfactant is, and how they work; give examples of surfactants • Know the other properties of water that make it so unique • Know the definitions of and the difference between the following • • Solute • Solvent • Solution • Solubility Know the rule of thumb for solubility (“like dissolves like”); be able to determine whether a given solute is likely to dissolve in a given solvent, given their respective polarities BI 102 – General Biology Instructor: Waite • 2 Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1 Know the definition of and the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and give examples of each • Know that some substances are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic END OF MATERIAL FOR QUIZ #1 Cells and Osmosis • Be able to describe and differentiate between diffusion and osmosis; know the conditions that must be present for each to occur • Know that when two different substances are present in a concentration gradient, each will diffuse independently (same direction or opposite direction) • Know that some substances can diffuse across cell membranes, and that this requires no energy from the cell • Given a concentration gradient, predict the direction of diffusion relative to the barrier • Know the special circumstances that allow osmosis to occur • Given a concentration gradient, predict the direction of osmosis relative to the barrier • Know that water diffuses in or out of a cell through a membrane protein called aquaporin • Know the definition of the term “tonicity,” and the meaning of the following scenarios: • • Hypertonic • Isotonic • Hypotonic Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the tonicity of the scenario • Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the movement of water in or out of the cell • Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the result on the shape of the cell (shrivel, swell/burst, or no change) Biomolecules • Know that all biomolecules are based on carbon-carbon bonds, although they contain other elements • Know the 4 categories of biomolecules • • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids Know that all biomolecules are build through polymerization – smaller, fundamental units called monomers chemically bonded together • Know about carbohydrates • Also called sugars • Monomer = monosaccharides; MANY monosaccharides exist BI 102 – General Biology Instructor: Waite • 3 Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1 Carbon attached to water (CH2O); given a number of carbons, determine the chemical formula of a monosaccharide • Names end in “-ose” • Two monosaccharides linked together = disaccharide; >2 monosaccharides linked together = polysaccharide • Give examples of monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g. lactose, sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch, glycogen) • Monosaccharides absorbed without digestion; disaccharides and polysaccharides must be broken down by enzymes; humans lack enzyme required to digest cellulose; what happens if someone does not make the lactase enzyme? • Know that glycogen is the primary short-term energy storage molecule in the body, and why it is efficient for this purpose • • Know the 5 primary functions of carbohydrates Know about lipids • Fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) • No true lipid polymers • All hydrophobic • Know what makes a fatty acid saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated; know examples of where these fats are found; be able to differentiate between these fats given a molecular diagram • Know what a trans fatty acid is, and why they are so problematic • Know that triglycerides are the primary long-term energy storage molecule in the body, and why this is so efficient • Know the benefits of fat storage in the body • Know that phospholipids are modified triglycerides (one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group) and are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic • Cholesterol – made by liver in humans; critical cell membrane component; vital to growth and development, myelin production, and to make steroid hormones (such as estrogen, and testosterone) and vitamin D • • Know the primary functions of lipids Know about proteins • Monomer = amino acid • Know the primary functions of proteins • Understand the 4 levels of protein structure; a defect in any level of structure can lead to the protein functioning poorly or not at all • • Primary – determined by amino acid sequence; depends on peptide bonds (very strong) • Secondary – local folding patterns; depends on hydrogen bonds • Tertiary – overall 3D folding; depends on hydrogen bonds • Quaternary – interaction of two or more fully folded proteins; depends on hydrogen bonds Know the factors that can disrupt hydrogen bonds (and therefore protein structure) BI 102 – General Biology Instructor: Waite • 4 Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1 Biological activity of protein highly dependent on shape; changes in shape = denaturation; primary structure unaffected by denaturation • Know about nucleic acids • Know the two primary types of nucleic acid • Monomer = nucleotide • • Made of phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base Understand the structure of nucleic acids – how the nucleotides are attached to each other (sugar-phosphate backbone), and how the nucleotide bases are positioned • Know the primary functions of nucleic acids • RNA • • • Contains bases A, G, C, U • Single-stranded • 3 different types; types coordinate to make proteins based on information coded in DNA DNA • Contains bases A, G, C, T • Double-stranded; strands held together by hydrogen bonds • Stores all genetic information Energy carriers • ATP = most universal • NADH = 7X more energy but not as common Cells • Smallest unit that displays all the characteristics of life • Know the elements of cell theory • Know the general differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; give examples of each; given a diagram, be able to identify each • Give examples of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes • Know the 4 basic components all cells have in common and their functions • Know the benefit of cells staying small; know why eukaryotic cells are able to grow larger than prokaryotic cells • Know the basic functions of each of the organelles • Cell wall (know how this is different from a cell membrane, and which organisms have one) • Cytoskeleton • Cellular extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella) • Ribosomes • Endomembrane system • Vacuoles • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Plastids (chloroplasts)