Download Waite Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1 Quiz 1

BI 102 – General Biology
Instructor: Waite
1
Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1
Quiz 1: Covers Lectures 1, 2
Exam 1: Covers Lecture 1, 2, 4, 5, Lab 1
Introduction to biology
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Know the 10 properties or traits that something must display in order to be considered alive
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Know why a virus is not considered to be alive
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Define the following terms: metabolism, homeostasis, heritable, adapt, evolve
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Be able to describe the difference between adapting and evolving
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Know the 4 classes of biomolecules
Scientific Method
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Know the 6 steps of the scientific method in order; given a series of steps in solving a problem, be
able to identify the steps of the scientific method
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Be able to define and differentiate between the following; given examples, be able to identify each
of the following…
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Hypothesis
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Theory
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Scientific theory
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Law
Water
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Know why water is so important for life
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Understand the features of a water molecule that give water its unique properties
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Understand what a hydrogen bond is
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Given a diagram of a water molecule, show where the partial charges are; show how one water
molecule interacts with other water molecules through hydrogen bonding
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Be able to define and differentiate between adhesion and cohesion; know the property of water that
allows it to be both cohesive and adhesive; know the phenomena that result from the interplay
between these forces
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Know what a surfactant is, and how they work; give examples of surfactants
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Know the other properties of water that make it so unique
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Know the definitions of and the difference between the following
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Solute
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Solvent
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Solution
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Solubility
Know the rule of thumb for solubility (“like dissolves like”); be able to determine whether a given
solute is likely to dissolve in a given solvent, given their respective polarities
BI 102 – General Biology
Instructor: Waite
•
2
Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1
Know the definition of and the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and give
examples of each
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Know that some substances are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
END OF MATERIAL FOR QUIZ #1
Cells and Osmosis
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Be able to describe and differentiate between diffusion and osmosis; know the conditions that must
be present for each to occur
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Know that when two different substances are present in a concentration gradient, each will diffuse
independently (same direction or opposite direction)
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Know that some substances can diffuse across cell membranes, and that this requires no energy from
the cell
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Given a concentration gradient, predict the direction of diffusion relative to the barrier
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Know the special circumstances that allow osmosis to occur
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Given a concentration gradient, predict the direction of osmosis relative to the barrier
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Know that water diffuses in or out of a cell through a membrane protein called aquaporin
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Know the definition of the term “tonicity,” and the meaning of the following scenarios:
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Hypertonic
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Isotonic
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Hypotonic
Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the tonicity of
the scenario
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Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the movement
of water in or out of the cell
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Given the concentration of a solute both inside and outside a cell, be able to describe the result on
the shape of the cell (shrivel, swell/burst, or no change)
Biomolecules
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Know that all biomolecules are based on carbon-carbon bonds, although they contain other elements
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Know the 4 categories of biomolecules
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Carbohydrates
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Lipids
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Proteins
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Nucleic acids
Know that all biomolecules are build through polymerization – smaller, fundamental units called
monomers chemically bonded together
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Know about carbohydrates
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Also called sugars
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Monomer = monosaccharides; MANY monosaccharides exist
BI 102 – General Biology
Instructor: Waite
•
3
Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1
Carbon attached to water (CH2O); given a number of carbons, determine the chemical formula of
a monosaccharide
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Names end in “-ose”
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Two monosaccharides linked together = disaccharide; >2 monosaccharides linked together =
polysaccharide
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Give examples of monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g. lactose,
sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch, glycogen)
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Monosaccharides absorbed without digestion; disaccharides and polysaccharides must be broken
down by enzymes; humans lack enzyme required to digest cellulose; what happens if someone
does not make the lactase enzyme?
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Know that glycogen is the primary short-term energy storage molecule in the body, and why it is
efficient for this purpose
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Know the 5 primary functions of carbohydrates
Know about lipids
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Fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
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No true lipid polymers
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All hydrophobic
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Know what makes a fatty acid saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated; know examples of
where these fats are found; be able to differentiate between these fats given a molecular
diagram
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Know what a trans fatty acid is, and why they are so problematic
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Know that triglycerides are the primary long-term energy storage molecule in the body, and why
this is so efficient
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Know the benefits of fat storage in the body
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Know that phospholipids are modified triglycerides (one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate
group) and are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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Cholesterol – made by liver in humans; critical cell membrane component; vital to growth and
development, myelin production, and to make steroid hormones (such as estrogen, and
testosterone) and vitamin D
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Know the primary functions of lipids
Know about proteins
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Monomer = amino acid
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Know the primary functions of proteins
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Understand the 4 levels of protein structure; a defect in any level of structure can lead to the
protein functioning poorly or not at all
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Primary – determined by amino acid sequence; depends on peptide bonds (very strong)
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Secondary – local folding patterns; depends on hydrogen bonds
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Tertiary – overall 3D folding; depends on hydrogen bonds
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Quaternary – interaction of two or more fully folded proteins; depends on hydrogen bonds
Know the factors that can disrupt hydrogen bonds (and therefore protein structure)
BI 102 – General Biology
Instructor: Waite
•
4
Study Guide for Quiz/Exam 1
Biological activity of protein highly dependent on shape; changes in shape = denaturation; primary
structure unaffected by denaturation
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Know about nucleic acids
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Know the two primary types of nucleic acid
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Monomer = nucleotide
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Made of phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
Understand the structure of nucleic acids – how the nucleotides are attached to each other
(sugar-phosphate backbone), and how the nucleotide bases are positioned
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Know the primary functions of nucleic acids
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RNA
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Contains bases A, G, C, U
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Single-stranded
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3 different types; types coordinate to make proteins based on information coded in DNA
DNA
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Contains bases A, G, C, T
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Double-stranded; strands held together by hydrogen bonds
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Stores all genetic information
Energy carriers
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ATP = most universal
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NADH = 7X more energy but not as common
Cells
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Smallest unit that displays all the characteristics of life
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Know the elements of cell theory
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Know the general differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; give examples of each; given
a diagram, be able to identify each
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Give examples of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
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Know the 4 basic components all cells have in common and their functions
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Know the benefit of cells staying small; know why eukaryotic cells are able to grow larger than
prokaryotic cells
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Know the basic functions of each of the organelles
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Cell wall (know how this is different from a cell membrane, and which organisms have one)
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Cytoskeleton
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Cellular extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella)
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Ribosomes
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Endomembrane system
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Vacuoles
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Nucleus
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Mitochondria
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Plastids (chloroplasts)