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STUDY GUIDE - Topic: BIOCHEMISTRY
name: _____________________
Biology Textbook: pg 35 – 37, 42 – 43, 44 - 53
I.
Define:
a. biochemistry: ___________________________________________________________________
b. atom: _________________________________________________________________________
c. element: _______________________________________________________________________
d. compound: ____________________________________________________________________
e. inorganic compound: ____________________________________________________________
f. organic compound: ______________________________________________________________
Q: Explain what properties of carbon give it the ability to form many different molecules:
____________________________________________________________________________________
g. macromolecules: ___________________________________________________________________
h. polymerization: ___________________________________________________________________
i. monomers: _______________________________________________________________________
j. polymers: ________________________________________________________________________
II.
Carbohydrates: define: _______________________________________________________________
A.
elements: ___________________________
B.
building blocks: _______________________________________________
C.
definition + examples of:
a. monosaccharide: ____________________________________________________________,
b. polysaccharide: _____________________________________________________________
D.
basic structure of building blocks (the ration of H:O): _____________
E.
uses (importance): _____________________________________________________________
III.
Lipids: define: ______________________________________________________________________
A.
elements: _______________________________
B.
building blocks: __________________________________________
C.
basic structure of building blocks (how much O and H): ____________________________
D.
uses (importance): _____________________________________________________________
E. saturated vs. unsaturated fat: _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
IV.
Proteins: define: _____________________________________________________________________
A.
elements: _________________________________________
B.
building blocks: ______________________________________
C.
peptide bond (what is it?): ______________________________________________________
D.
uses (importance): ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
E.
what is a polypeptide: _________________________________________________________
F.
draw a structural formula of an amino acid below:
G.
Explain what determines the shape of a protein: ___________________________________
V.
Nucleic acids: define: _________________________________________________________________
A.
elements: ___________________________________
B.
building blocks: ______________________________
C.
importance: ___________________________________________________________________
D.
draw a nucleotide and label its structural parts below:
VI.
Chemical Reactions: define: __________________________________________________________
A. Define:
a. Reactants: ________________________________________________________________
b. Products: _________________________________________________________________
c. Activation energy: __________________________________________________________
B. What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
________________________________________________________________________________
C. Describe the two types of energy changes that can occur in a chemical reaction:
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
VII. Enzymes: define: ______________________________________________________________________
A. Define:
a. Catalyst: __________________________________________________________________
b. Enzyme: __________________________________________________________________
c. Substrate: _________________________________________________________________
B. Explain how enzymes work, including the role of the enzyme-substrate complex: (if it helps,
you can use the analogy of a lock and key model)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
C. Define: active site of an enzyme: ____________________________________________________
D. Draw a picture of an enzyme-substrate complex below and label the following: enzyme,
substrate, active site
E.
Describe factors influencing the rate of enzyme activity:
1.
temperature (what temperature increases/decreases the rate of enzyme activity?)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2.
pH (what pH is the best for most enzymes?; what pH represents acidic/basic/neutral
environment?)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
F.
explain what happens to enzymes when they denature: ______________________________
Study Figure 2-19 on page 50 and figure 2 – 20 on pg 51 of your Biology book.
Answer the questions below:
1.
The enzyme salivary amylase will act on starch, but not on protein. This action illustrates that salivary amylase
(1) contains starch
(2) in not reusable
(3) is chemically specific
(4) lacks protein
2.
The graph below shows the effect of temperature on the relative rate of action of enzyme X on a protein.
A) The temperature at which maximum enzyme action occurs is
(1) 38 °C
(2) 43 °C
(3) 50 °C
(4) 65 °C
B) Which change would not affect the relative rate of action of
enzyme X?
(1) the addition of cold water when the reaction is at 50°C
(2) an increase in temperature from 70°C to 80°C
(3) the removal of the protein when the reaction is at 30°C
(4) a decrease in temperature from 40°C to 10°C
3. At what pH would the enzymes X and Y be most effective?
Answer: ___________________________________________
4. Which characteristic allows enzymes to function in a specific way?
1 Enzymes are complex compounds composed of starch.
2 Each enzyme has a characteristic shape.
3 Enzymes are long, complex fats.
4 Each enzyme is made up of four subunits.
5. Which complex substances are made up of repeating units of these molecules?
(1) protease and lactase
(2) fats and oil
(3) starch and cellulose
(4) polypeptides and nucleic acids
6. Meat tenderizer contains an enzyme that interacts with meat. If meat is coated with tenderizer and then
placed in a refrigerator for a short time, how would the enzyme be affected?
(1) It would be broken down.
(3) Its shape would change.
(2) Its activity would slow down.
(4) It would no longer act as an enzyme.
7. Which substances are inorganic compounds?
(1) fats and oils
(2) proteins and carbohydrat
(3) water and salts
(4) enzymes and hormones
8. On the lines provided, label the parts of the reaction as one of the following: products, reactants, or activation
energy
22. _______________________________
23.________________________________
24.________________________________
9. Fill in the blanks: (word bank: polysaccharide, enzymes, hydrogen, monosaccharides,
carbohydrates, peptide bond, amino acids, glycerol, disaccharide, fatty acids, proteins, unsaturated,
organic compounds, oxygen, polymerization, carbon, lipids, saturated)
Living organisms are composed of a special category of molecules called ______________________. Molecules must have
both __________ and ___________ atoms in them to be in this category. In addition they usually contain _____________
atoms as well.
Sugars and starches are __________________________, which always have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 2:1. They are
composed of building blocks called _________________________. Two of these units can be attached to each other through
a process called ________________________, which results in a ____________________. If more subunits hooked on, we
get a _________________.
_________________ have a hydrogen and oxygen ratio greater than 2:1 and include fats, oils, and waxes. If the carbon-tocarbon bonds in these molecules are single bonds, they are said to be _____________________. If there are any double
bonded carbons, the molecule is said to be ____________________. The building blocks of these molecules are
_________________ and __________________.
The group of organic molecules that contain nitrogen are called __________________. They have _____________________
as their building blocks. The bond connecting two of these together is called a ________________________. Some of these
molecules function as __________________, which catalyze chemical reactions within cells.