Download Conditioning Review

Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• A type of learning in which an organisms comes
to associate stimuli
• A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned
stimulus…begins to produce a response that
anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned
stimulus
• Involves unavoidable physical associations
• Involuntary
Classical Conditioning Continued
• Unconditioned Response- the unlearned naturally occurring response to
the unconditioned stimulus (salivation to meat)
• Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally and automatically
triggers a response (meat causing salivation)
• Conditioned Response-the learned response to a previously natural but
now conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell)
• Conditioned stimulus- an originally irrelevant stimulus that after
association with an unconditioned stimulus come to trigger a conditioned
response (bell causing salivation)
• Unconditioned and conditioned response are the same
Extra Vocabulary
• Acquisition- initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase that associates a
neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus
comes to elicit a conditioned response
• Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when a
unconditioned stimuli does not follow a unconditioned stimuli does not follow
a conditioned stimulus
• Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished
response
• Generalization- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned. For
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response
• Discrimination- the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned
stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response
Operational Conditioning
• A type of learning that in which behavior is
strengthened of followed by a reinforcer and
diminished if followed by a punisher
• Involves learning caused by the actions we
perform
• Voluntary
• [Skinner Box]
Reinforcement
• Any event that increases the frequency of the desired
behavior
• Positive - presenting a stimulus
• Negative - removing a stimulus
• Positive reinforcement - presenting a pleasant stimulus
to increase the frequency of a desired behavior
• Negative reinforcement – removing an unpleasant
stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired
behavior
Punishment
• Any event that decreases the frequency of an
undesired behavior
• Positive - presenting a stimulus
• Negative - removing a stimulus
• Positive Punishment - adding an unpleasant stimulus to
decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior
• Negative punishment - removing a pleasant stimulus to
decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior
Extra Vocabulary
• Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in operant
conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
• Shaping- procedure in which rein forcers guide behavior toward closer and
closer approximation of the desired behavior (Clicker in dog training)
• Primary Reinforcer- an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies
a biological need (ex. Eating, breathing, love)
• Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcer- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power
through its association with a primary reinforcer
• Continuous Reinforcer- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
• Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement- reinforcing a response only part of the
time; results in slower acquisition of a response but has a much greater
resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does.