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Download Unit 6 Review (Modules 26-30, Pages 262-315)
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Transcript
Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan Name:________________________ Date:__________________ Unit 6 Review (Modules 26-30, Pages 262-315) Vocabulary: Module 26 ● Learning ● Habituation ● Associative Learning ● Stimulus ● Cognitive Learning ● Classical Conditioning ○ Think of Ivan Pavlov’s dog classic experiment ■ Presented neutral stimulus (tone) before an unconditioned stimulus (food in dog’s mouth). Neutral stimulus then becomes conditioned stimulus, producing conditioned response ● Behaviorism ● Neutral Stimulus (NS) ● Unconditioned Stimulus (US) ● Unconditioned Response (UR) ● Conditioned Response (CR) ● Conditioned Stimulus (CS) ● Acquisition ● Higher-order Conditioning ● Extinction ● Spontaneous Recovery ● Generalization ● Discrimination ● John B. Watson: Human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses ○ Created “Little Albert” experiment Module 27 ● B.F. Skinner: Modern behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure ○ Elaborated on Edward L. Thorndike’s law of effect (Reward behavior is more likely to recur) ● Operant Conditioning ● Law of Effect ● Operant Chamber ○ Skinner box ● Reinforcement ● Shaping Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan ○ Successive approximations: you reward responses that are closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all other responses ● Discriminative Stimulus ● Positive Reinforcement ● Negative Reinforcement Operant Conditioning Form Description Example Positive reinforcement Adding a desirable stimulus Receiving praise when giving the right answer in class Negative reinforcement Remove an aversive stimulus Taking painkillers to end pain ● ● ● ● ● ● Primary Reinforcer Conditioned Reinforcer Reinforcement Schedule Continuous Reinforcement Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Schedule ○ Ex: getting a free drink after buying 5 ● Variable-Ratio Schedule ○ Gambling ● Fixed-Interval Schedule ○ Getting a pop-quiz every two days ● Variable-Interval Schedule ○ Repeatedly checking your e-mail to see if you have received a response Module 28 ● Biofeedback ● Respondent Behavior ● Operant Behavior Module 29 ● Cognitive Map ● Latent Learning ○ There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is also cognition ● Insight ● Intrinsic Motivation Biological predispositions Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Natural predispositions Organisms best learn Sophie Stedman, Emma Dimperio, Sadie Buzan Cognitive processes ● ● ● ● constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; Unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward neutral ones Organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US Organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning; without reinforcement Coping Problem-Focused Coping Emotion-Focused Coping Learned Helplessness ○ Uncontrollable bad events >>> Perceived lack of control >>> Generalized helpless behavior ● External Locus of Control ● Internal Locus of Control ● Self-Control Module 30 ● Observational Learning ○ Albert Bandura: Bobo doll observational experiment ● Modeling ● Mirror Neurons ○ Ex: For someone who has an amputated limb, they may feel ghost pain because of mirror neurons ● Prosocial Behavior Key People To Remember ● Ivan Pavlov ● John B. Watson ● B. F. Skinner ● Edward Thorndike ● John Garcia ● Robert Rescorla ● Edward Tolman ● Albert Bandura