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Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 1.A)Explain where organisms get the energy needed for life processes. • Organisms get the energy they need from food. • Energy stored in food is expressed as calories. • Calorie • amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. • 1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie, or Calorie. • Cells use all sorts of molecules for food: • fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. • each of these molecules varies because their chemical structures • therefore their energy-storing bonds, differ. • Cells break down food molecules gradually • use the energy stored in the chemical bonds to produce compounds • ATP powers activities of the cell 1B)Define cellular respiration. 1C)What is the equation for cellular respiration? Cellular Respiration • process in which cells form ATP by breaking down organic compounds Equation for cellular Respiration: • 6 O2 + C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy • Oxygen + Glucose Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy Why does it have to be broken down this way? • cells have to release the chemical energy in food molecules (like glucose) gradually • otherwise most of the energy would be lost in the form of heat and light. 1D)What does aerobic and anaerobic mean? • Anaerobic • no oxygen • Aerobic ! • uses Oxygen 1E) Explain the structure and function of the mitochondrion parts. • Outer membrane • Allows ions, nutrient molecules, ADP and ATP to pass through • Inner Membrane • Allows O2, H2O and CO2 to pass through freely • Contained with in the inner membrane: • ETC • ATP Synthase • Transport proteins • Cristae- folds that increase the surface area • Matrix • Contains the enzymes for the Krebs Cycle • Contains the H gradient for ATP creation 2A) What happens during the process of glycolysis? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3z6dq-T68zs&list=RDsblPT7SYH6s Glycolysis (glucose oxidized to produce pyruvic acid) (LEO) 1. occurs in cytoplasm 3. 6C compound split into 2 PGAL (3C) 2 ATP (activation energy) used to form new 6C compound 2. 4. 5. 6. • • PGAL oxidized 4H removed - joined to coenzyme NAD+ - 2 NADH + 2H formed 4 phosphates removed - joined to ADP to form 4 ATP now have 2 pyruvic acids (3C) • C3H4O3 (Molecular formula)` net yield of 2 ATP 2B)Explain the differences between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGq94gpKEbg Fermentation (further convert pyruvic acid) (NO OXYGEN) 1. Lactic acid fermentation (occurs in muscle cells) (certain bacteria) strenuous exercise uses up O2 faster than can be resupplied and H accumulates (NAD not available for glycolysis) a) pyruvic acid becomes electron (H) acceptor and is converted to lactic acid (NADH oxidized) b) c) d) • • regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue lactic acid accumulates in muscles increased acidity causes less contraction, fatigue, pain, cramps ( increase acid, decrease muscle contractions) diffuses into blood to liver - converted to pyruvic acid when O2 available 2B)Explain the differences between lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. 2. Alcoholic fermentation Examples: beer, wine, bread Organisms: bacteria, yeast • a. CO2 removed from pyruvic acid and H added from NADH + H to form ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) • b. NAD+ regenerated for glycolysis • c. alcohol has much energy (can be used as a fuel) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SosPuWAg7g 2C.)Identify and explain the pathways the body uses to release energy during exercise . How does the body produce ATP during different stages of exercise? • For short, quick bursts of energy • the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation. • extra oxygen is required to get rid of the lactic acid produced. • For exercise longer than about 90 seconds • cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP. • intense exercise, a person will huff and puff for several minutes in order to pay back the built-up “oxygen debt” and clear the lactic acid from the body. • body stores energy in the form of the glycogen (carbohydrate) • glycogen stores enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes of activity. • After that, the body breaks down other stored molecules, like fats for energy. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration • Requires oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria • Steps of Aerobic Respiration: 1. Glycolysis 2. Forming acetyl CoA 3. Krebs cycle 4. ETC (Electron Transport Chain) 3A)Explain how acetyl CoA is formed. Forming Acetyl Coenzyme A • 1. pyruvic acid enters mitochondrial matrix • 2. CO2 removed from 3C pyruvic acid 2C acetyl group http://science.howstuffworks.com/ life/29543-assignment-discoverycellular-respiration-video.htm • 3. Coenzyme A joins to 2C acetyl forming acetyl CoA (oxidized) • 4. 2H released and NAD+ reduced to NADH • TOTAL For 2 pyruvic acids or 1 glucose molecule: • 2 CO2 removed • 4H removed(2 NADH formed + 2H) • 2 H2O used 3B.)Describe the stages and the products of the Krebs cycle. Krebs Cycle: Citric Acid Cycle •1. 2C acetyl CoA attaches to 4C oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid (6C-C6H8O7)- CoA released •2. During 1 cycle: (1 pyruvic acid) •a. 2 CO2 removed •b. series of oxidations removes 8H (6H form 3NADH + 3H and 2H form 1FADH2) •c. 1 ATP formed •d. 2 H2O used TOTAL 2 turns of cycle because there are 2 pyruvic acids or 1 glucose molecule so: 4 CO2 removed 16H removed (12 H form 6 NADH + 6H and 4H form 2FADH2) 2 ATP formed 4 H2O used 3C)Explain how high energy electrons are used by the electron transport chain. Electron Transport Chain (on cristae) animation • 1. much energy in electrons held by 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 • 2. electrons from 24H move down series of coenzymes and energy from them produces 34 ATP • each pair of H from NADH yields 3 ATP (10 NADH = 30) • each pair from FADH2 yields 2 ATP (2 FADH2 = 4) • 3. role of oxygen is final acceptor of electrons (chain keeps operating and forming ATP) • a. also accepts protons (H+) • O2 + 4e- + 4H+ • 6O2 + 24e- + 24H+ 2H2O 12H2O • 6H2O used in previous steps so net of 6H2O 3D)How many molecules of ATP are produced in the entire breakdown of glucose? Where is the ENERGY made? • Glycolysis = 4 ATP • Kreb= 2 ATP • ETC= 34 ATP • 40 ATP Formed (2 used in Glycolysis) • 38 ATP net yield • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/bio_animations/M H01_CellularRespiration_Web/index.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdzrd04& list=RDsblPT7SYH6s 3E) Compare and contrast the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration Anaerobic • No O2 required • Occurs in the cytoplasm only • Called Fermentation • Only produces Max. 2 ATP • Less efficient • Produces alcohol using Prokaryotes • Produces lactic acid in eukaryotes Similarities •Break down glucose •Go through glycolysis •Requies glucose •Produces Energy •involves pyruvic acid •Both continuous process •Makes at least 2 ATP •Use 2 ATP Aerobic • Requires O2 • Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria • Steps: forming acetyl coA, Krebs cycle, and ETC • Produces 38ATP • Efficient • Performed by Eukaryotes 3F) What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration • products of P.S. • are reactants of cell respiration • occurs in chloroplasts • occurs in mitochondria • endergonic • stores energy • light energy is converted into chemical energy in bonds of carbohydrates • occurs in the light • autotrophs do it • Exergonic • releases energy • chemical energy from carbohydrate bonds is released and used to make ATP • occurs in light and dark • autotrophs and heterotrophs do it