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Lesson 1.1 (Part 1) Translating to Algebraic Expressions Key Words Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division add sum of plus increased more subtract difference minus decreased less than multiply product of times twice of divide divided quotient ratio per Examples: Let n = a number Write each as an algebraic expression. 1) twelve less than twice some number 2) eight more than the ratio of twice a number and five 3) the difference of 45% of a number and one Exponential Notation The expression an, in which n is a counting number means a • a • a • a..... • a n factors In a , a is called the base and n is called the exponent, or power. When no exponent appears, it is assumed to be 1. Thus a1 = a. n Rules for Order of Operations 1. Simplify within any grouping symbols. 2. Simplify all exponential expressions. 3. Perform all multiplication and division working from left to right. 4. Perform all addition and subtraction working from left to right. 1 Examples: 1) 4 2 + 6(7) − 4(1 + 2) = 2) 2(12) + 4(6 + 1) 2 − 4(3 − 1) = 3 +1 To EVALUATE an expression or formula, substitute the given value(s) for the variable(s) and follow the order of operations. 3) 8 xz − y for x = 2, y = 7, z = 3 2 4) 2 ( x + 3) − 12 ÷ x 2 for x = 2. 5) 4 x 2 + 2 xy − z for x = 3, y = 2, z = 8 2 6) 3a 2 m − 4am 2 for a = 3, m = 2 7) x 2 − [2(a + b) − ab] 2 for x = 12, a = 2, b = 1 8) The base of a triangle is 10 feet and the height is 3.1 feet. Find the area of the triangle. 1 A = bh 2 3.1 10 9) Find the area of a trapezoid if b1 = 12, b2 = 18, h = 8 b1 A= h 1 h(b1 + b2 ) 2 b2 Sets of Numbers (Part 2 of lesson) 1. Natural Numbers: {1, 2, 3, ...} These are sometimes called the Counting Numbers. 2. Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} The Whole Numbers are the Natural Numbers plus zero. 3 3. Integers: {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...} The integers include all whole numbers and their opposites. The set notation used in the previous number sets is called roster set notation. Roster notation simply lists the numbers included in the set. If there is a pattern in either the positive infinity or negative infinity directions, the ‘...’ is used to show the pattern. p 4. Rational Numbers: | p is an integer, q is a non-zero integer This set of q numbers includes any type of number that can be represented as a fraction. These types of number include the following Fractions (proper, improper, or mixed) Integers (denominator of 1) Terminating Decimals Repeating Decimals Types of Rational Numbers −2, 5,17, 0 (integers) 9 7 11 −1 , , − (fractions) Examples include the following: 11 8 2 −2.34, 0.0456 (terminating decimals) 1.2,3.4787878... (repeating decimals) The set notation used in the above number set is called Set-Builder Notation. The one above is read ‘all numbers of the form p over q such that p is an integer and q is a non-zero integer’. In this set notation a description is used. The vertical bar is read ‘such that’ or ‘where as’. There will be a variable or an expression with variables at the front. 5. Irrational Numbers: Irrational numbers include numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction. Most of the irrational numbers you will encounter will be roots (such as 5 or 3 11 ) or the number pi (π). When written as a decimal, irrational numbers will not terminate or repeat. For example, an approximation for π is 3.14, but 3.14 does not exactly equal π. A number such as 49 is rational, not irrational, since it can be simplified to 7. 6. Real Numbers: {x | x is rational or irrational} 4 10) Use this list of numbers and identify which numbers are in the following sets. 5 −3 10 6.2 5 2 3 π − 2 4 5 0.457 0.234 − 16 0 400 9 Whole Numbers: Integers: Rational Numbers: Irrational Numbers. There is a good diagram found on the course web page or in your textbook that shows the relationship among the sets of numbers. 5 Roster Notation: {2, 4, 6,8} Types of Set Notation Set-Builder Notation: {x | x is an even number between 1 and 9} Ex 11) Write the following using roster notation. {x | x is an even number between 5 and 12} {x | x is a natural number at least 7} Ex 12) Write the following using set-builder notation. {9,11,13,15,17} {24, 28,32} Elements & Subsets B = {1,3,5, 7} The elements of set B are 1, 3, 5, and 7 3 ∈ B read '3 is an element of B ' Students must know how to read and use the symbols ∈, ∉, and ⊆ ,. 4 ∉ B read '4 is not an element of B ' When all numbers of a first set A are members of a second set B, we can write A ⊆ B , which is read ‘A is a subset of B’. A = {1,3} B = (1, 3,5, 7} A⊆ B 13) Use the following sets to determine if the statements below are true or false. N = Natural Numbers W = Whole Numbers Z = Integers Q = Rational Numbers H = Irrational Numbers R = Real Numbers 2.3 ∈ W 6 =Q 4 ∉H 5 Q⊆R H ⊄Z W⊆N 6