Download Biology Concepts at a Glance

Biology Concepts at a Glance
Unit 1 – Inquiry
Scientific Method:
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Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
collect data
analyze data
conclusion
Dependent vs. Independent Variables
Controlled Variables
Control Group
DRY MIX – graphing data
Unit 2 – Biochemistry and Energy
Enzymes (Catalyst)
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Identify Endergonic vs Exergonic
Activation Energy (graphs of endergonic vs exergonic reactions)
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Enzyme, Substrate, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products
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Denaturation – temperature or pH
Organic Compounds
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Carbohydrates
o Function: Structure:
o 4 calories
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Lipids
o Function:
o Structure:
o 9 calories
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Proteins
o Function:
o Structure:
o 4 calories
Unit 3 – Energy
ADP/ATP
-
ADP/ATP Cycle
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
o Step 1: Light dependent reaction – makes ATP, NADPH
o Step 2: Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction) – makes glucose
Cellular Respiration
-
Aerobic (Oxygen present)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
o Step 1: Glycolysis – splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids
o Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle – releases ATP from pyruvic acids
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Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation (no oxygen present)
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy + lactic acid or alcohol
Unit 4 – Cell Structure and Transport
Identify from a diagram and know the functions of Plant and Animal Cell Organelles – nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, cilia,
flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm
Prokaryote (No Nucleus) vs Eukaryote (Have a Nucleus)
Passive Transport
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Diffusion (High to Low)
Facilitated Diffusion (High to Low across a protein)
Osmosis (Water High to Low)
Homeostasis
-
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Active Transport (Requires Energy)
-
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Unit 5 – Cell Reproduction
Cell Cycle
-
G1
S
G2
M
Mitosis – Asexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 2 identical Diploid Cells
-
1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 2 cells with 46 chromosomes
Occurs in Body Cells
Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell
Cell Regulation and Cancer
-
Checkpoints
Uncontrolled mitosis – Cancer
Meiosis – Sexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 4 different Haploid Cells
-
1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 4 cells with 23 chromosomes (gametes)
Occurs in Sex Cells (Eggs or Sperm)
Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
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Crossing Over – homologous chromosomes so close during prophase I that pieces of
chromosomes switch, increasing genetic variation
Cell Differentiation
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Stem Cells – undifferentiated – all cells are identical
DNA activation – differentiation – certain DNA in certain cells “turns on”, making cells become
different and specialized
Unit 6 – DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis
Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base)
DNA structure
-
Double Stranded
Deoxyribose Sugar
Adenine – Thymine (2 bonds)
Cytosine-Guanine (3 bonds)
RNA structure
-
Single Stranded
Ribose Sugar
Uracil replaces Thymine
DNA vs. Chromosome vs. Gene
DNA Replication
-
Helicase splits DNA down the middle
DNA polymerase adds new bases to both sides
Make 2 identical strands of DNA
Occurs during S of Cell Cycle – during interphase, to double the DNA
Protein Synthesis
-
-
DNA to RNA to protein
Recognize phases from diagrams
Step 1 Transcription – DNA to RNA – “make copy of recipe in the library”
o Helicase splits DNA down the middle
o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA
o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged
Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish”
o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases)
o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anticodon pairs with codon (opposite 3 bases)
o ribosome moves to next codon
o
o
o
o
Transcription:
Translation:
next tRNA moves in
amino acids attach
continues until entire mRNA has been read, amino acids form chain that is the ne
protein or polypeptide
Use Amino Acid Chart to determine correct amino acids from mRNA codons
DNA code
TTA
ATT
CCG
GGC
CAT
mRNA codon
AAU
UAA
GGC
CCG
GUA
tRNA codon
UUA
AUU
CCG
GGC
CAU
amino acid
Asp
Stop
Gly
Pro
Val
(Using amino acid chart)
Unit 7 – Genetics
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Law of Dominance – the dominant allele (T) will completely mask the recessive (t) when
inherited together
o Genotype (RR) vs. Phenotype (red)
o Homozygous (RR) vs. Heterozygous (Rr)
-
Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate before being passed down
Law of Independent Assortment – alleles for different traits are passed down separately
Incomplete Dominance
RR = red
Rr = pink
rr = white
Codominance
RR = red
Rr = red and white
rr = white
Multiple Alleles
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Blood Type (IA, IB, i)
Sex-Linked Traits
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XHXH – normal girl
XHXh – carrier girl
XhXh – affected girl
XHY – normal boy
XhY – affected boy
Pedigrees
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Dominant – see individuals of both sexes at all generations with trait
-
Recessive – few individuals have trait, often skips generations
-
Sex-Linked Recessive – affects more males than females
Unit 8– Evolution
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Microevolution vs Macroevolution
Speciation and Gene Pool
Natural Selection
o Genetic Variation
 Increase by:
 Genetic Drift (Random)
 Gene Flow (Migration)
 Non-random mating
 Mutations
 Genetic Recombination (Crossing Over)
o Struggle for Existence (Environmental Challenges)
o Survival of Fittest (Fit – ability to survive and have offspring)
o Descent with modification
-
-
-
Patterns of Evolution
o Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
o Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
o Coevolution
o Extinction
Evidences of Evolution
o Biochemistry – DNA and Protein Sequences
o Fossil Record
o Homologous Structures
o Analogous Structures
o Vestigial Structures
o Embryology
Phylogenetic Trees
Unit 9 - Ecology
-
-
-
Food chain vs. Food Web
o Flow of energy – arrows point in direction of energy flow
o Producers vs. consumers
Pyramids
o Energy Pyramid – 100%, 10%, 1%, etc., Calories
o Pyramid of Numbers
o Biomass Pyramid – Mass, Kg, metric tons, etc.
Interactions
o Competitive Exclusion – one more, one less successful at getting resources
o
o
-
-
Predator/Prey – populations rise and fall in response to each other
Symbiosis – live together
 Mutualism
 Commensialism
 Parasitism
Limiting Factors – limit population growth
o Density Dependent
o Density Independent
Population Growth
o Exponential Growth – no limiting factors – J-shaped curve
o
-
-
-
Logistic – limiting factors limit population to carrying capacity – max number that
ecosystem can support
Succession – soil formation over time allows for more/larger plant species
o Primary
o Secondary
Ecosystem Cycling – nutrients
o Carbon Cycle – photosynthesis, cellular respiration, industry
o Nitrogen Cycle – most N2 in atmosphere, lightning and bacteria fix Nitrogen for
consumption by organisms
o Water Cycle – transpiration
o Phosphorous Cycle – comes from rocks
Ecosystem Changes/Maintenance
o Ozone Layer Depletion and UV rays
o Greenhouse Effect
 Carbon Dioxide, methane are green house gases
 Trap heat and naturally warm the earth
Amount of
CO2 in the
atmosphere
Greenhouse
effect
higher
lower
increases
decreases
Average
Global
Temperatur
e
increases
decreases
Plant cover
on Earth
Rate of
photosynthe
sis
increases
decreases
increases
decreases
Amount of
CO2
absorbed by
plants
increases
decreases
Amount of
CO2 in the
atmosphere
decreases
increases