* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Biology Concepts at a Glance
Survey
Document related concepts
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Biology Concepts at a Glance Unit 1 – Inquiry Scientific Method: - Problem Hypothesis Experiment collect data analyze data conclusion Dependent vs. Independent Variables Controlled Variables Control Group DRY MIX – graphing data Unit 2 – Biochemistry and Energy Enzymes (Catalyst) - Identify Endergonic vs Exergonic Activation Energy (graphs of endergonic vs exergonic reactions) - Enzyme, Substrate, Enzyme-Substrate Complex, Products - Denaturation – temperature or pH Organic Compounds - Carbohydrates o Function: Structure: o 4 calories - Lipids o Function: o Structure: o 9 calories - Proteins o Function: o Structure: o 4 calories Unit 3 – Energy ADP/ATP - ADP/ATP Cycle Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 o Step 1: Light dependent reaction – makes ATP, NADPH o Step 2: Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction) – makes glucose Cellular Respiration - Aerobic (Oxygen present) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy o Step 1: Glycolysis – splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids o Step 2: Kreb’s Cycle – releases ATP from pyruvic acids - Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation (no oxygen present) C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy + lactic acid or alcohol Unit 4 – Cell Structure and Transport Identify from a diagram and know the functions of Plant and Animal Cell Organelles – nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, cilia, flagellum, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm Prokaryote (No Nucleus) vs Eukaryote (Have a Nucleus) Passive Transport - Diffusion (High to Low) Facilitated Diffusion (High to Low across a protein) Osmosis (Water High to Low) Homeostasis - Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Active Transport (Requires Energy) - Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Unit 5 – Cell Reproduction Cell Cycle - G1 S G2 M Mitosis – Asexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 2 identical Diploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 2 cells with 46 chromosomes Occurs in Body Cells Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell Cell Regulation and Cancer - Checkpoints Uncontrolled mitosis – Cancer Meiosis – Sexual Reproduction – Diploid Cell splits into 4 different Haploid Cells - 1 cell with 46 chromosomes makes 4 cells with 23 chromosomes (gametes) Occurs in Sex Cells (Eggs or Sperm) Identify phases from a diagram - Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II - Crossing Over – homologous chromosomes so close during prophase I that pieces of chromosomes switch, increasing genetic variation Cell Differentiation - Stem Cells – undifferentiated – all cells are identical DNA activation – differentiation – certain DNA in certain cells “turns on”, making cells become different and specialized Unit 6 – DNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base) DNA structure - Double Stranded Deoxyribose Sugar Adenine – Thymine (2 bonds) Cytosine-Guanine (3 bonds) RNA structure - Single Stranded Ribose Sugar Uracil replaces Thymine DNA vs. Chromosome vs. Gene DNA Replication - Helicase splits DNA down the middle DNA polymerase adds new bases to both sides Make 2 identical strands of DNA Occurs during S of Cell Cycle – during interphase, to double the DNA Protein Synthesis - - DNA to RNA to protein Recognize phases from diagrams Step 1 Transcription – DNA to RNA – “make copy of recipe in the library” o Helicase splits DNA down the middle o RNA polymerase adds bases to both sides to form mRNA o mRNA leaves nucleus to go to cytoplasm, DNA closes back up unchanged Step 2 Translation – RNA to protein (pg 6) – “chef reads recipe to make dish” o rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA on 1st codon (3 bases) o tRNA with amino acid attaches – anticodon pairs with codon (opposite 3 bases) o ribosome moves to next codon o o o o Transcription: Translation: next tRNA moves in amino acids attach continues until entire mRNA has been read, amino acids form chain that is the ne protein or polypeptide Use Amino Acid Chart to determine correct amino acids from mRNA codons DNA code TTA ATT CCG GGC CAT mRNA codon AAU UAA GGC CCG GUA tRNA codon UUA AUU CCG GGC CAU amino acid Asp Stop Gly Pro Val (Using amino acid chart) Unit 7 – Genetics - Law of Dominance – the dominant allele (T) will completely mask the recessive (t) when inherited together o Genotype (RR) vs. Phenotype (red) o Homozygous (RR) vs. Heterozygous (Rr) - Law of Segregation - alleles for a trait separate before being passed down Law of Independent Assortment – alleles for different traits are passed down separately Incomplete Dominance RR = red Rr = pink rr = white Codominance RR = red Rr = red and white rr = white Multiple Alleles - Blood Type (IA, IB, i) Sex-Linked Traits - XHXH – normal girl XHXh – carrier girl XhXh – affected girl XHY – normal boy XhY – affected boy Pedigrees - Dominant – see individuals of both sexes at all generations with trait - Recessive – few individuals have trait, often skips generations - Sex-Linked Recessive – affects more males than females Unit 8– Evolution - Microevolution vs Macroevolution Speciation and Gene Pool Natural Selection o Genetic Variation Increase by: Genetic Drift (Random) Gene Flow (Migration) Non-random mating Mutations Genetic Recombination (Crossing Over) o Struggle for Existence (Environmental Challenges) o Survival of Fittest (Fit – ability to survive and have offspring) o Descent with modification - - - Patterns of Evolution o Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium o Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution o Coevolution o Extinction Evidences of Evolution o Biochemistry – DNA and Protein Sequences o Fossil Record o Homologous Structures o Analogous Structures o Vestigial Structures o Embryology Phylogenetic Trees Unit 9 - Ecology - - - Food chain vs. Food Web o Flow of energy – arrows point in direction of energy flow o Producers vs. consumers Pyramids o Energy Pyramid – 100%, 10%, 1%, etc., Calories o Pyramid of Numbers o Biomass Pyramid – Mass, Kg, metric tons, etc. Interactions o Competitive Exclusion – one more, one less successful at getting resources o o - - Predator/Prey – populations rise and fall in response to each other Symbiosis – live together Mutualism Commensialism Parasitism Limiting Factors – limit population growth o Density Dependent o Density Independent Population Growth o Exponential Growth – no limiting factors – J-shaped curve o - - - Logistic – limiting factors limit population to carrying capacity – max number that ecosystem can support Succession – soil formation over time allows for more/larger plant species o Primary o Secondary Ecosystem Cycling – nutrients o Carbon Cycle – photosynthesis, cellular respiration, industry o Nitrogen Cycle – most N2 in atmosphere, lightning and bacteria fix Nitrogen for consumption by organisms o Water Cycle – transpiration o Phosphorous Cycle – comes from rocks Ecosystem Changes/Maintenance o Ozone Layer Depletion and UV rays o Greenhouse Effect Carbon Dioxide, methane are green house gases Trap heat and naturally warm the earth Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere Greenhouse effect higher lower increases decreases Average Global Temperatur e increases decreases Plant cover on Earth Rate of photosynthe sis increases decreases increases decreases Amount of CO2 absorbed by plants increases decreases Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases increases