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Name _____________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reading Assignment 4.1 - Pages 110-115 Mendel’s Work This section describes how Gregor Mendel identified the method by which characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring. Use Target Reading Skills - As you read, complete the outline about Mendel’s work. I. Mendel’s experiments A. crossing pea plants B. C. D. II. A. B. C. D. Introduction 1. Gregor Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of _____________________. Match the term with its definition. Term Definition ____ 2. heredity a. The scientific study of heredity ____ 3. genetics b. Physical characteristics ____ 4. traits c. The passing of traits from parents to offspring Mendel’s Experiments 5. In a flower, the female sex cells, or eggs, are produced by the _________________________. Pollen, which contains the male sex cells, is produced by the _________________________. 6. What are purebred organisms? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 Name ___________________________________ Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 R + R 4.1 – pages 110-115 Understanding Main Ideas - Study the diagram. Then answer the questions below using complete sentences. Use an additional sheet of paper if necessary. 1. What trait in pea plants is being studied in the cross above? __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the two alleles of this trait? ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which allele is the dominant allele? Explain how you know. __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Which allele is the recessive allele? Explain. ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What alleles do the F1 offspring have? Explain which allele was inherited from which parent. _________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary - Match each term with its definition. ____ 6. genetics a. the passing of traits from parents to offspring ____ 7. alleles b. an organism with two different alleles for a trait ____ 8. traits c. factors that control traits ____ 9. recessive allele d. physical characteristics of organisms ____ 10. genes e. an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism ____ 11. hybrid f. the different forms of a gene ____ 12. heredity g. the scientific study of heredity ____ 13. dominant allele h. an allele whose trait is masked in the presence of a dominant allele Page 2 7. Complete the flowchart below, which summarizes Mendel's first experiment with pea plants. Mendel’s Experiment Purebred tall plants are crossed with purebred _____________________________ plants. ↓ F1 offspring are all ___________________________________________________. ↓ F1 offspring are allowed to self-pollinate. ↓ F2 offspring are _________________________ and _________________________. 8. Circle the letter of other traits in garden peas that Mendel studied. a. seed size, seed shape, seed color b. seed color, pod color, flower shape c. flower size, pod shape, seed coat color d. pod color, seed shape, flower position 9. Two forms of the trait of seed shape in pea plants are _________________________ and ____________________. Dominant and Recessive Alleles 10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about alleles. a. Recessive alleles are never present when dominant alleles are present. b. Alleles are different forms of a gene. c. Dominant alleles always show up in the organism when the allele is present. d. Recessive alleles hide dominant alleles. 11. True or false? Only pea plants that have two recessive alleles for short stems will be short. Match the pea plant with its combination of alleles. Pea Plant Combination of Alleles ____ 12. purebred short a. Two alleles for tall stems ____ 13. purebred tall b. One allele for tall stems and one allele ____ 14. hybrid tall for short stems c. Two alleles for short stems 15. A dominant allele is represented by a(n) _______________ letter. 16. A recessive allele is represented by a(n) _______________ letter. 17. How would a geneticist write the alleles to show that a tall pea plant has one allele for tall stems & one allele for short stems? _______________________________________________________ 18. True or false? Some scientists during Mendel's time thought Mendel should be called the Father of Genetics. Page 3 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reading Assignment 4.2 – Pages 118-123 Probability and Heredity - This section explains what probability is and how the laws of probability can be used in the study of genetics. Principles of Probability 1. A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur is called ____________________. 2. Circle the letter of each answer that equals the probability that a tossed coin will land heads up. a. 1 in 2 b. 1/2 c. 50 percent d. 20 percent 3. True or false? When you toss a coin 20 times, you will always get 10 heads and 10 tails. 4. If you toss a coin five times and it lands heads up each time, can you expect the coin to land heads up on the sixth toss? Explain your answer using complete sentences. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Probability and Genetics 5. When Mendel crossed two hybrid plants for stem height (Tt), what results did he always get? _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Mendel realized that the principles of probability could be used to ___________________________ the results of genetic crosses. 7. A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross is called a(n) ___________________________ . 8. Write in the alleles of the parents and the possible allele combinations of the offspring in the Punnett square below. Page 4 Match the term with its definition. Term Definition ____ 9. phenotype a. Describes an organism with two identical alleles for a trait ____ 10. genotype b. An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits ____ 11. homozygous c. An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations ____ 12. heterozygous d. Describes an organism that has two different alleles for a trait 13. Mendel used the term _________________________ to describe heterozygous pea plants. Codominance 14. True or false? In codominance, the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. 15. In cattle, red hair and white hair are codominant. Cattle with both white hair and red hair are _________________________. Page 5 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 R + R 4.2 – pages 118-123 Probability and Heredity Understanding Main Ideas - Complete the two Punnett squares below, & then answer the questions. 1. 1. Punnett Square A: 2. Punnett Square B: 3. In the cross between two black guinea pigs shown in Punnett Square A, what is the probability that an offspring will be black? White? _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is it possible that the cross between two black guinea pigs in Punnett Square A would not produce a white guinea pig? Explain. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What color are the guinea pig parents in the cross shown in Punnett Square B? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Which guinea pig parent(s) in Punnett Square B is homozygous? Which is heterozygous? Explain how you know. _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Calculate the probability that an offspring will be black in the cross in Punnett Square B. What is the probability that an offspring will be white? ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary - Match each term with its definition. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 8. heterozygous 9. Punnett square 10. genotype 11. codominance 12. probability 13. homozygous 14. phenotype a. a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross b. a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur c. an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait d. an organism’s physical appearance e. an organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations f. an organism that has two different alleles for a trait g. inheritance pattern in which the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive Page 6 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reading Assignment 4.3 – 126-130 Genetics: The Science of Heredity This section describes how one set of chromosomes from each parent is passed on to the offspring. As you read, identify the evidence that supports the hypothesis that genes are found on chromosomes. Write the evidence in the graphic organizer below. EVIDENCE HYPOTHESIS Grasshoppers: 24 chromosomes in body cells, 12 in sex cells Chromosomes are important in inheritance. Chromosomes and Inheritance 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about what Sutton observed about chromosome number. a. Grasshopper sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as body cells. b. Grasshopper body cells have half the number of chromosomes as sex cells. c. Grasshopper body cells and sex cells have the same number of chromosomes. d. When grasshopper sex cells join, the fertilized egg has the same number of chromosomes as the body cells of the parents. 2. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Meiosis 3. What is meiosis? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Page 7 4. Complete the cycle diagram, which describes the events that occur during meiosis. Sex cells combine to produce offspring. Each offspring has __________ chromosomes, one pair from each parent. Parent cell has four chromosomes arranged in __________ pairs. Chromosome pairs __________ and are distributed to sex cells. Each sex cell has __________ chromosomes. 5. A Punnett square is a shorthand way to show the events that occur during ____________________. 6. True or False? During meiosis, the two alleles for each gene stay together. 7. If the male parent cell is heterozygous for a trait, Tt, what alleles could the sperm cell possibly have? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 8. How many pairs of chromosomes do human body cells contain? __________________________________________________________________________________ 9. How are the genes lined up in a pair of chromosomes? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Page 8 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 R + R 4.3 – 126-130 The Cell and Inheritance Understanding Main Ideas - Complete the table below by filling in the spaces with the correct stage of meiosis — Beginning, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, End. Event Stage in Meiosis The double-stranded chromosomes move to the center 1. of the cell. The centromeres separate. Two cells form, each with half the number of chromosomes. Each chromosome still has two chromatids. 2. Four sex cells form with half the number of chromosomes as the parental cells. 3. The chromosomes are copied. 4. Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 5. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Why is it important that sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as body cells? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary - Fill in the blank to complete the statement. 7. The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is called _________________________ . Page 9 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reading Assignment 4.4 – Pages 131 - 137 The DNA Connection - This section tells how the DNA molecule is related to genes, chromosomes, and the inheritance of traits. Use Target Reading Skills - As you read, complete the flowchart below to show protein synthesis. Put the steps of the process in separate boxes in the flowchart in the order in which they occur. Protein Synthesis DNA provides code to form messenger RNA. Messenger RNA attaches to ribosome. The Genetic Code 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about genes, chromosomes, and proteins. a. b. c. d. 2. 3. Genes control the production of proteins in an organism’s cells. Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism. Chromosomes are made up mostly of proteins. A single gene on a chromosome contains only one pair of nitrogen bases. A DNA molecule is made up of these four nitrogen bases. a. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ What is the genetic code? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. One group of three nitrogen bases codes for one ___________________________________ . Page 10 How Cells Make Proteins 5. During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a _________________________ on a chromosome to produce a specific _________________________. 6. Proteins are made on _________________________ in the cytoplasm of the cell. 7. Complete this Venn diagram to show some of the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA. Tell where each nucleic acid is located and what bases it contains. DNA stays inside the nucleus 8. RNA Adenine Guanine List the two kinds of RNA and tell their jobs. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Circle the letter of the first step in protein synthesis. a. b. c. d. 10. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. The ribosome releases the completed protein chain. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. DNA “unzips” to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA. Circle the letter of the last step in protein synthesis. a. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. b. The protein chain grows longer as each transfer RNA molecule adds an amino acid. c. Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. d. DNA “unzips” to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA. Page 11 Mutations 11. What is a mutation? ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 12. How can mutations affect protein synthesis in cells? _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mutations. a. Cells with mutations will always make normal proteins. b. Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted for another. c. Some mutations occur when chromosomes don’t separate correctly during meiosis. d. Mutations that occur in a body cell can be passed on to an offspring. 14. Mutations can be a source of genetic _________________________. 15. Is the following sentence true or false? All mutations are harmful. 16. Mutations that are _________________________ improve an organism’s chances for survival and reproduction. 17. Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful depends partly on an organism’s ____________________. Page 12 Name ___________________________________ Genetics: The Science of Heredity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 R + R 4.4 – Pages 131 - 137 The DNA Connection Understanding Main Ideas - Complete the table below by stating whether each mutation is helpful, harmful, or neutral to the organism. Mutation Effect White lemur (in a zoo) 1. Cancer 2. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 3. White lemur (in the wild) 4. Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 5. Describe what occurs during protein synthesis. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the genetic code? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Building Vocabulary - Fill in the blank to complete each statement. 7. A type of RNA that carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein is called _________________________ . 8. _________________________ is RNA that copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm. Page 13