Download Ancient Rome - Henry County Public Schools

Ancient Rome
SOL WHI.6
WHI.6A
The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian
peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire
Mediterranean Basin.
How was geographic location important to economic, social, and
political development of ancient Rome?
WHI.6A
Location and Place
 Rome—centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin &
distant from eastern Med. powers
 Italian Peninsula
 Alps—protection
 Mediterranean Sea—protection & sea-borne commerce
Persian Empire around
500 B.C.
What mountain
range lies here?
What city is this?
What sea
is this?
What colony is this?
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
Roman mythology, like Greek mythology, was
based upon a polytheistic religion that was integral
to culture, politics, and art.
Many of Western civilization’s symbols,
metaphors, words, and idealized images come from
ancient Roman mythology.
Questions
What was the source of Roman mythology?
What impact did Roman mythology have on later
civilizations?
WHI.6B
Mythology (cont.)
 Based on Greek polytheistic religion
 Explanation of natural phenomena, human qualities,
and life events
Roman gods and goddesses
 Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus
 Symbols and images in literature, art, monumental
architecture, and politics
January
Januarius
Month of Janus-god of gates & doorways, depicted
with two faces looking in opposite directions
February
Februarius
Month of Februa-Roman festival of purification
March
Martius
Month of Mars-was the original beginning of the year
& the time for resumption of war
April
Aprilis
Month of Aphrodite-Greek goddess of love & beauty
May
Maius
Month of Maia-goddess of spring
June
Junius
Month of Juno
July
Julius
Julius Caesar reformed the Roman calendar and
named this month after himself
August
Augustus
Emperor Augustus named this month after himself
September September
Seventh month
October
October
Eight month
November
November
Ninth month
December
December
Tenth month
Show What You Know!
Match the following Roman gods/goddesses
with his/her Greek counterpart (equal):
1. Minerva
A. Zeus
2. Apollo
B. Aphrodite
3. Diana
C. Athena
4. Juno
D. Hera
5. Jupiter
E. Apollo
6. Venus
F. Artemis
Show What You Know!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Who is the ROMAN goddess of love, beauty, &
desire?
Who is the ROMAN goddess of chastity; often
associated with the moon?
Who is the ROMAN god of light and healing?
Who is the ROMAN goddess of wisdom?
Who is the chief god in ROMAN mythology?
Who is the protectress of marriage and
childbirth?
Timeline
1000-500 B.C
Three groups on the Italian peninsula (Greeks, Latins, Etruscans)
 753 B.C.—(legend) Rome founded by Romulus and Remus

600 B.C.—Etruscan king comes to power (cities expands)

509 B.C—Tarquin the Proud was driven from power (last king;
Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king and
swore to put to death anyone who plotted to make himself king)

509 B.C.—Republic forms

451 B.C.—Twelve Tables created

390 B.C.—Rome sacked by the Gauls

265 B.C.—Romans controlled most of Italy; continue to expand
power far beyond Italy for the next 250 years
Roman Republic
Although women, most aliens (non-Romans living in the
Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing
process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the
development of representative democracy, which became a
foundation of modern democracy.
How did the government of the Roman Republic become
more democratic in its decision making?
WHI.6C
Social Structure in the Roman
Republic



Patricians—powerful nobility;
owned land (few in number)
Plebeians—majority of population
(farmers, artisans, and merchants)
Slaves—not based on race
WHI.6C
Citizenship

Patrician and plebeian men

Selected foreigners

Rights and responsibilities of citizenship:


pay taxes
serve in the military
Features of Democracy
Representative democracy


Controlled army, taxes, etc. but usually did what Senate wanted
Senate


Representatives make decisions in govt.
Consuls


WHI.6C
Men from wealthy families; elected for life
Assemblies
Adult, male, Romans; responsible for voting; made decisions about
war; elected consuls, Senators, etc.
 Set up so that richer people had more votes than poorer people


Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables
The Roman Republic
Thought Questions
In what ways was the power of the two consuls
limited?
2. Why was a dictator chosen to head the
government in times of emergency?
3. The govt of the US has a president, Congress,
and Supreme Court. Explain one way that the
American govt is like the ancient Roman govt
and one way that it is different.
4. In your opinion, what was the most important
power of the consuls? The Senate? The
Assembly?
1.
Twelve Tables Activity
Read the Twelve Tables
1. Which of these laws do you disagree with the
most?
2. Are there any of these laws that you think you
need more information for understanding?
3. Which of these laws seems strange in today’s
world?
4. It is from these laws that the principle of
“innocent until proven guilty” is originated.
From which of these laws do you think that
principle is derived?
Ancient Rome: The Punic Wars and the Evolution of the
Roman Empire
After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars,
Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate
the Mediterranean Basin, leading to the diffusion of
Roman culture.
Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to
extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin
and much of Western Europe?
WHI.6D,E
Punic Wars: Rome versus Carthage (264-146 BC)
Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade
 Hannibal invaded the Italian peninsula
 Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction
of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome

1. Do you think Hannibal lived up to the oath he took at
age 9? EXPLAIN
2. Was Hannibal’s plan to invade Italy a good or bad
idea? Give a reason for your answer.
3. If you had been faced with the decision of joining
either the army of Carthage or the army of Rome at
the beginning of the Second Punic War, which one
would you have chosen? Why?
4. It can be said that “Hannibal won many battles but
lost the war.” Does this mean that he was a failure?
Why or why not?
5. In your opinion, what were the 3 most important
qualities or abilities that made Hannibal one of
history’s greatest generals?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What sea was most important to Rome?
What mountain range was north of Rome and
provided it with protection?
Chief god?
Goddess of wisdom?
God of light and healing?
When did the Roman Republic form?
What is a republic?
What three groups of people made up Roman
society?
What is Rome’s law code?
WHI.6E
**DECLINE OF THE
REPUBLIC**
Why did the Roman Republic fail
to survive the challenges by Julius
Caesar?
WHI.6E
Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic
 Spread of slavery in the agricultural system (latifundia)
 Migration of small farmers into cities and
unemployment
 Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
 Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation
Julius Caesar F.Y.I.
Came from a patrician family
 Distinguished military & political
careers



Held several important govt. positions
(including consul & First Triumvirate)
Conquered Gaul & fought in Britain
Very popular among the people of
Rome
 Senate HATED him because he was
“stealing” their power (they also
despised his affair w/ Cleopatra)
 Assassinated March 15, 44 B.C.
by 20+ stab wounds
(killed by Senators)

The Public Reaction!
Newspapers of Rome give different opinions about the murder…
The Roman Times
“A Great loss”
Julius Caesar, conqueror of Gaul and Britannia has
been murdered. No longer can Rome call upon her
greatest son to lead us to more victories and further
glory. This day shall long be remembered as one of the
saddest in Rome's Glorious history.
The Daily Parchment
“New Hope”
Rome has been given a new hope of lasting peace and
democracy following the brave actions of an unknown
killer. Julius Caesar's plans to become king have
finally been stopped by the courageous act of this
unknown activist. No longer will Romans have to wake
in fear of another tyranny, Rome is once again free to
be ruled by the Senate and can again look brightly
towards her future.
Caesar Choice Menu
Complete ONE of the following:
1.
Word “Autopsy” of Caesar…draw a chalk outline of Caesar’s body…then attach a
meaningful label to the important parts (brain, eyes, mouth, hands, feet, heart,
etc…example: for his hands list his major accomplishments)
2.
Biography…research biographical information (year of birth, place of birth, family
info, accomplishments, info about his death) and organize it into a short essay or
informative poster
3.
Pictorial Timeline of Caesar’s life…choose 6 events from his life…arrange them in
chronological order and include an illustration for each event…the use of color on
your timeline is expected
4.
Write an original poem 8-12 lines long about the life of Caesar
5.
Opinion: write a short newspaper article that expresses your opinion about the
death of Caesar (was he a hero or a villain??? Is this a tragic day or a day to
celebrate???) Explain your opinion thoroughly. You can write this in essay form or
use construction paper to make it look like a newsletter…illustrations are a plus 
WHI.6e,f,g
The emergence of Imperial Rome
The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and
economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was
replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire.
Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture

Mediterranean Basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the
Hellenistic world of the Eastern Med.)

Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles)
Julius Caesar added
these areas!!!
Land gained during
Punic Wars!!!
The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey
Julius Caesar: his seizure of power and assassination
Augustus Caesar (Rome’s first emperor): civil war, defeat of Marc
Antony
The Empire: unified and enlarged; use of imperial authority and the
military
**Failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors
Antony
vs.
Octavian
• Disliked Octavian so he
spent his time in the East
• Caesar’s nephew and
chosen heir
• Married Octavian's sister
but lived with Cleopatra
in Egypt; had several
children
• Used Antony's affair with
Cleopatra to turn Senate
against him
• Died from wounds
sustained in battle w/
Octavian’s forces
• Became Rome's 1st
emperor
Augustus Caesar established the
Roman Empire by instituting civil
service, rule by law, a common
coinage, and secure travel
throughout the Empire.
Following Augustus Caesar, the
Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years
of peace and prosperity known as
the Pax Romana.
The Pax Romana
1.
Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule
2.
Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly
in the Near East
Economic impact of Pax Romana
Established a uniform system of currency which
helped to expand trade
2. Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
3. Promoted prosperity and stability
1.
Social impact of Pax Romana
1.
Returned stability to social classes
2.
Increased emphasis on family
Political impact of Pax Romana
1.
Created a civil service
2.
Developed a uniform rule of law
RAP
Read pages 173-176 in your textbook…
Answer the following question completely:
Why did the Roman EMPIRE collapse?
The decline of the Roman Empire
Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire
steadily declined because of internal and external problems.
Reasons for decline in the
Western Roman Empire
Economy—the cost of defense and devaluation of
Roman currency
 Military—Army membership included invaders,
resulting in decline of discipline
 Moral decay—People lost faith in Rome and the
family
 Political problems—Civil conflict and weak
administration
 Invasion—Attacks along the borders

Division of the Roman Empire
1.
Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome
to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
(modern day Istanbul, Turkey)
2.
Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D.
when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
3.
Eastern Roman Empire established as the Byzantine
Empire
Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire
SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW!!!

FROM MEMORY…recall the events that led
to the downfall of the Roman EMPIRE

Then summarize the things you can recall
into one or two well-written sentences.

Write your sentence(s) on an index card
using YOUR BEST HANDWRITING
(other people will read this)

DO NOT PUT YOUR NAME ON IT!!!
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Colosseum
Page 166
•Started by Emperor
Vespasian; construction
from 72-81 A.D.
•Made from stones &
concrete
•Held 45-50,000 people
Arches
Once the center
of political power
in Rome.
Forum
Page 142
Pantheon
Place to worship
Roman gods.
Aqueducts
page 167
Water
Roads
Used
stone,
gravel,
and sand
Built by
the army
Surviving road in the UK
Roads
Ptolemy—Ptolemaic Map
Believed the Earth was the center of the Universe.
(Geocentric Theory)
Medicine/Public Health
• Public Baths / Toilets
• Sewers
• Doctors / Medicines /
Schools
Language
• Latin:
– recorded many important works of literature & history
in Latin (translated from Greek); including the Bible
(pg. 165)
– Basis for Romance Languages—Italian, French,
Spanish, etc.; many English words come from Latin
(ex: ‘salve” = hello; in the English you have a
salutation; salute; salutatorian; etc.)
• Virgil
– poet who wrote the Aeneid (equivalent of Homer’s
Iliad or Odyssey) (pg. 165)
Commonly Used Latin Phrases:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a priori - from what comes before
ad hominem - according to the person
ad infinitum - going on forever
ad interim - for the meantime
ad locum - at the place
ad nauseam - to the point of making one sick
addendum - an item to be added
advocatus diaboli - devil's advocate (Someone takes a position solely for the
sake of a discussion or argument.)
• agenda - things to be done
• Audio, video, disco. - I hear, I see, I learn.
Commonly Used Latin Phrases:
• Carpe diem. - Seize the day
• causa mortis - cause of death
• Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.
• “It is sweet and honorable to die for one's country." (Horace)
• Dum spiro, spero. - While I breathe, I hope.
• et cetera (etc.) - and the rest or and so on
• exempli gratia (e.g.) - for the sake of example (for example)
• Exit - He/she leaves.
• per diem - daily
• rigor mortis - the rigidity of death
• satis – enough
• versus (vs.) - against
Religion
• Roman Mythology
(page 151)
• Christianity (page
153-156)
Law Code
• Twelve Tables (page 167)
– Principle of “Innocent Until Proven Guilty”
– Placed in the Forum